Table 2.
aaPAF estimates for recognized suspected risk factors for HLHS among isolated, simple cases of HLHS*, NBDPS, 1997–2011
| Risk factors† | Proportion exposed among cases (%)‡ | Proportion exposed among controls (%)‡ | Adjusted ORs (95% CI)§ | Crude PAF (%) (95% CI) | aaPAF (%) (95% CI||)§ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal nonHispanic White race | 64.6 | 57.8 | 1.4 (1.1–1.7) | 16.2 (6.5–25.4) | 13.4 (4.8–21.2) |
| Male sex | 67.4 | 51.0 | 2.1 (1.7–2.5) | 33.5 (25.4–42.0) | 29.4 (22.4–36.8) |
| First-degree family history of CHD | 5.2 | 1.2 | 4.4 (2.9–6.9) | 4.1 (2.4–6.1) | 2.8 (1.4–4.4) |
| Pregestational diabetes¶ | 2.0 | 0.6 | 1.8 (0.8–4.2) | 1.4 (0.3–2.6) | 0.4 (0.0–1.2) |
| Prepregnancy overweight–obesity‡‡ | 45.1 | 41.1 | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) | 6.8 (0.0–13.6) | 6.5 (0.0–11.8) |
| Periconceptional opioid use# | 4.4 | 2.1 | 1.9 (1.2–3.1) | 2.4 (0.7–4.2) | 1.5 (0.3–3.0) |
| Periconceptional trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole or nitrofurantoin use# | 2.7 | 1.6 | 1.5 (0.9–2.6) | 1.1 (0.0–2.6) | 0.8 (0.0–1.8) |
| Periconceptional fever** | 14.4 | 12.0 | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | 2.6 (0.0–6.2) | 1.4 (0.0–4.3) |
| First-trimester oral contraceptive use†† | 4.2 | 3.2 | 1.4 (0.9–2.2) | 1.1 (0.0–2.8) | 0.8 (0.0–2.5) |
| Total average PAF | 57.0 (47.1–65.9) |
Bolded text indicates significant at P < .05; all CIs were truncated at 0 under the assumption that elimination of potential exposure would not increase cases of HLHS.
Botto LD, Lin AE, Riehle-Colarusso T, Malik S, Correa A, National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Seeking causes: classifying and evaluating congenital heart defects in etiologic studies. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2007 Oct; 79(10):714–27.
Model adjusted for all variables included in table, as well as periconceptional smoking.
Proportion among cases and controls not missing data for specific risk factor.
Adjusted ORs and PAFs are based on 494 cases and 10,061 controls.
CIs for aaPAF estimated through bootstrap sampling with 1000 replications.
Type I diabetes diagnosed any time or Type II diabetes diagnosed before the pregnancy.
Any reported use between the month before through the third month of pregnancy.
Maternal report of fever between the month before through the third month of pregnancy.
Any use in between the first through the third month of pregnancy.
Body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2.