Table 3.
aaPAF estimates for recognized risk factors for TOF among isolated simple cases of TOF*, NBDPS Prevention Study, 1997–2011
| Risk factors† | Proportion exposed among cases (%)‡ | Proportion exposed among controls (%)‡ | Adjusted OR (95% CI)§ | Crude PAF (%) (95% CI) | aaPAF (%) (95% CI||)§ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male sex | 57.5 | 51.0 | 1.3 (1.1–1.5) | 13.4 (7.0–19.5) | 10.8 (4.8–16.5) |
| First-degree family history of CHD | 5.2 | 1.2 | 4.4 (3.0–6.3) | 4.0 (2.7–5.5) | 3.1 (1.9–4.4) |
| Nulliparous¶ | 31.3 | 29.5 | 1.2 (1.0–1.4) | 2.6 (0.0–7.0) | 4.6 (1.2–8.6) |
| Maternal age 35 y or older | 18.7 | 14.1 | 1.4 (1.1–1.6) | 5.4 (2.4–8.4) | 4.3 (1.5–6.9) |
| Pregestational diabetes# | 2.8 | 0.6 | 4.5 (2.8–7.2) | 2.2 (1.3–3.3) | 1.9 (0.9–2.8) |
| Prepregnancy overweight–obesity§§ | 46.8 | 41.1 | 1.3 (1.1–1.5) | 9.7 (4.4–15.7) | 8.3 (3.3–13.4) |
| Use of assisted reproductive technology or clomiphene citrate for help becoming pregnant** | 4.3 | 2.9 | 1.4 (1.0–2.0) | 1.5 (0.1–2.9) | 1.2 (0.0–2.4) |
| Periconceptional opioid use** | 3.3 | 2.1 | 1.7 (1.1–2.5) | 1.2 (0.0–2.3) | 1.3 (0.1–2.5) |
| Periconceptional selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors†† | 5.2 | 3.3 | 1.5 (1.1–2.1) | 2.0 (0.4–3.6) | 1.5 (0.4–2.7) |
| Total average PAF | 37.0 (29.8–45.7) |
Bolded text indicates significant at P < .05; all CIs were truncated at 0 under the assumption that elimination of potential exposure would not increase cases of TOF.
Botto LD, Lin AE, Riehle-Colarusso T, Malik S, Correa A, NBDPS. Seeking causes: classifying and evaluating CHDs in etiologic studies. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2007 Oct; 79(10):714–27.
Model adjusted for all variables included in table, as well as periconceptional fever and periconceptional smoking.
Proportion among those not missing data for specific risk factor.
Adjusted ORs and PAFs are based on 827 cases and 10,077 controls.
CIs for aaPAF estimated through bootstrap sampling with 1000 replications.
No previous pregnancies.
Type I diabetes diagnosed any time or Type II diabetes diagnosed before the pregnancy.
Use of intracytoplasmic sperm injection, in vitro fertilization, gamete intrafallopian transfer, zygote intrafallopian transfer, or clomiphene citrate.
Any reported use between the month before through the third month of pregnancy.
Body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2.