. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Mar 1.

Published in final edited form as: Clin Perinatol. 2016 Mar;43(1):39–53. doi: 10.1016/j.clp.2015.11.002

Table 1.

Causes of Cardiovascular Malformations

Cause	Example	Characteristic CVMs
Environmental/teratogenic	Lithium Chloride	Ebstein’s anomaly
Genetic
Chromosomal	Trisomy 21	Atrioventricular canal defect
Contiguous gene/CNV	22q11.2 deletion syndrome	Conotruncal malformations
Single gene	Noonan syndrome	Pulmonary valve stenosis
Epigenetic
DNA methylation	De novo SMAD2 mutations	Conotruncal malformations LV obstructions Heterotaxy