Figure 1.

Key developments within the fields of tissue engineering and additive (bio)manufacturing and their applications in periodontal therapy.2 ^, 4 ^, 31 Early approaches to periodontal therapy were mainly focused on mechanical control of the biofilm and resective surgeries. With the realization that ingrowth of gingival epithelium cells during periodontal wound healing limits new periodontal attachment formation, the surgical technique GTR was developed.2 The first generation of GTR membranes involved the use of non-resorbable materials (e.g. expanded polytetrafluoroethylene). To circumvent the need for additional surgery to remove these membranes, resorbable membranes (e.g. collagen) were developed. A more recent approach is based on GTR membranes in combination with bioactive molecules. With the introduction of tissue engineering and additive (bio)manufacturing within the field of periodontology around 2000 and 2010 respectively, novel approaches, such as cell sheet engineering and (multiphasic) scaffolds, were developed.24 ^, 42 ^, 43 ^, 46