Table 2.
Descriptive Statistics for Quarters in Analysis Samples
| Any restraint | Fall prevention restraint | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TNHPPDa | Skill mixb | Ratec (%) | TNHPPD | Skill mix | Rated (%) | |
| Unit type | ||||||
| Medical | 8.5 ± 1.5 | 65.1 ± 9.7 | 1.9 ± 4.7 | 8.4 ± 1.5 | 64.8 ± 9.5 | 1.2 ± 3.4 |
| Surgical | 8.6 ± 1.4 | 65.8 ± 9.1 | 1.4 ± 4.2 | 8.6 ± 1.4 | 65.7 ± 9.1 | 1.0 ± 3.8 |
| Medical-surgical | 8.5 ± 1.6 | 65.6 ± 10.3 | 1.8 ± 4.7 | 8.5 ± 1.6 | 65.5 ± 10.3 | 1.3 ± 4.0 |
| TNHPPD categorye | ||||||
| Very low (z < −1.25) | 7.5 ± 1.3 | 65.8 ± 10.9 | 2.1 ± 6.0 | 7.5 ± 1.3 | 65.4 ± 10.8 | 1.5 ± 5.0 |
| Low (−1.25 < z < −0.5) | 8.0 ± 1.3 | 65.9 ± 10.1 | 1.8 ± 4.9 | 8.0 ± 1.3 | 65.7 ± 10.1 | 1.3 ± 4.6 |
| Average (−0.5 < z < 0.5) | 8.5 ± 1.4 | 65.4 ± 9.5 | 1.7 ± 4.2 | 8.5 ± 1.4 | 65.2 ± 9.5 | 1.1 ± 3.2 |
| High (0.5 < z < 1.25) | 9.0 ± 1.5 | 65.3 ± 9.5 | 1.7 ± 4.3 | 9.0 ± 1.5 | 65.1 ± 9.4 | 1.1 ± 3.2 |
| Very high (1.25 < z) | 9.6 ± 1.8 | 64.6 ± 9.7 | 1.7 ± 4.2 | 9.6 ± 1.7 | 64.5 ± 9.7 | 1.1 ± 3.2 |
| Skill mix categorye | ||||||
| Very low (z < −1.25) | 8.6 ± 1.6 | 60.6 ± 9.9 | 2.2 ± 6.6 | 8.6 ± 1.6 | 60.3 ± 9.8 | 1.5 ± 4.6 |
| Low (−1.25 < z < −0.5) | 8.5 ± 1.5 | 62.3 ± 9.6 | 2.0 ± 5.1 | 8.5 ± 1.5 | 62.1 ± 9.5 | 1.4 ± 4.3 |
| Average (−0.5 < z < 0.5) | 8.5 ± 1.5 | 65.4 ± 9.1 | 1.6 ± 3.9 | 8.5 ± 1.5 | 65.2 ± 9.1 | 1.1 ± 3.4 |
| High (0.5 < z < 1.25) | 8.5 ± 1.5 | 68.6 ± 9.1 | 1.6 ± 4.0 | 8.4 ± 1.5 | 68.4 ± 9.0 | 1.1 ± 3.4 |
| Very high (1.25 < z) | 8.4 ± 1.6 | 70.5 ± 9.6 | 1.6 ± 4.3 | 8.4 ± 1.6 | 70.2 ± 9.7 | 1.1 ± 3.5 |
| Year | ||||||
| 2006 | 8.3 ± 1.6 | 62.6 ± 9.9 | 2.9 ± 7.4 | 8.3 ± 1.5 | 62.5 ± 9.7 | 3.0 ± 5.4 |
| 2007 | 8.3 ± 1.5 | 63.5 ± 9.8 | 2.4 ± 6.3 | 8.3 ± 1.5 | 63.3 ± 9.6 | 2.8 ± 6.6 |
| 2008 | 8.5 ± 1.6 | 64.4 ± 9.9 | 1.8 ± 4.2 | 8.4 ± 1.6 | 64.0 ± 9.8 | 2.1 ± 4.6 |
| 2009 | 8.6 ± 1.5 | 66.2 ± 9.9 | 1.6 ± 4.3 | 8.6 ± 1.5 | 66.0 ± 9.9 | 1.9 ± 4.8 |
| 2010 | 8.6 ± 1.4 | 67.2 ± 9.2 | 1.4 ± 3.4 | 8.6 ± 1.4 | 67.2 ± 9.3 | 1.6 ± 3.4 |
| Quarter | ||||||
| 1 | 8.3 ± 1.5 | 65.5 ± 9.8 | 1.9 ± 4.4 | 8.3 ± 1.5 | 65.3 ± 9.7 | 2.2 ± 4.9 |
| 2 | 8.5 ± 1.5 | 65.2 ± 9.8 | 1.7 ± 4.8 | 8.5 ± 1.5 | 65.0 ± 9.8 | 2.0 ± 5.1 |
| 3 | 8.6 ± 1.5 | 65.4 ± 9.8 | 1.7 ± 5.0 | 8.6 ± 1.5 | 65.2 ± 9.8 | 2.1 ± 5.5 |
| 4 | 8.6 ± 1.5 | 65.7 ± 9.8 | 1.7 ± 4.2 | 8.6 ± 1.5 | 65.5 ± 9.8 | 2.0 ± 4.1 |
Mean ± SD computed across unit-quarters
aTNHPPD = total nursing hours per patient day
bSkill mix = % of nursing care hours provided by registered nurses
cRate = % of patients restrained, any justification
dRate = % of patients restrained for fall prevention
eCategory defined by standardized distance from unit mean: very low (>1.5 SDs below), low (0.5–1.25 SDs below), average (within 0.5 SDs), high (0.5–1.25 SDs above), and very high (>1.5 SDs above)