Table 3.
Results of Full Logistic Regression Models for Odds of Restraint Use
| Variable | Level | Any restraint | Fall prevention restraint |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted OR (95 % limits)a | Adjusted OR (95 % limits)b | ||
| TNHPPD category | Very low | 1.06 (0.96–1.16) | 1.12 (1.00–1.26) |
| Low | 1.07 (1.00–1.14) | 1.09 (1.00–1.19) | |
| Average | Referent | Referent | |
| High | 1.06 (0.98–1.13) | 1.02 (0.93–1.11) | |
| Very high | 0.99 (0.91–1.09) | 1.05 (0.93–1.18) | |
| Skill mix category | Very low | 1.18 (1.08–1.29) | 1.16 (1.03–1.29) |
| Low | 1.11 (1.04–1.19) | 1.09 (1.00–1.19) | |
| Average | Referent | Referent | |
| High | 1.03 (0.96–1.10) | 1.00 (0.91–1.09) | |
| Very high | 0.98 (0.89–1.08) | 0.98 (0.86–1.10) | |
| Mean TNHPPD | 1.02 (0.98–1.05) | 0.97 (0.93–1.01) | |
| Mean skill mix | 0.87 (0.82–0.92) | 0.93 (0.88–0.98) | |
| Patient days | 1.33 (1.26–1.39) | 1.24 (1.17–1.31) | |
| Average age | 1.02 (1.02–1.03) | 1.02 (1.01–1.02) | |
| Proportion male | 1.65 (1.34–2.02) | 1.44 (1.12–1.85) | |
| Unit type | Medical- surgical | 1.35 (1.22–1.49) | 1.25 (1.12–1.41) |
| Medical | 1.31 (1.19–1.44) | 1.16 (1.03–1.29) | |
| Surgical | Referent | Referent | |
| Bed size | ≥300 beds | 1.11 (0.99–1.26) | 1.08 (0.96–1.22) |
| Location | Metropolitan | 1.37 (1.07–1.74) | 1.18 (0.90–1.54) |
| Teaching status | Teaching | 1.22 (1.08–1.38) | 1.12 (0.99–1.26) |
| Census region | West | 1.46 (1.17–1.82) | 1.37 (1.09–1.73) |
| South | 1.27 (1.06–1.52) | 1.20 (0.99–1.44) | |
| Midwest | 1.05 (0.86–1.28) | 1.02 (0.83–1.26) | |
| Northeast | Referent | Referent | |
| Year | 2006 | 1.92 (1.62–2.27) | 1.87 (1.52–2.30) |
| 2007 | 1.59 (1.47–1.73) | 1.64 (1.49–1.82) | |
| 2008 | 1.25 (1.16–1.35) | 1.31 (1.19–1.44) | |
| 2009 | 1.07 (1.00–1.15) | 1.16 (1.06–1.27) | |
| 2010 | Referent | Referent | |
| Quarter | 1 | 1.17 (1.09–1.26) | 1.15 (1.05–1.26) |
| 2 | 1.02 (0.95–1.10) | 0.99 (0.90–1.08) | |
| 3 | 1.02 (0.95–1.09) | 1.02 (0.93–1.12) | |
| 4 | Referent | Referent |
aC-statistic = 0.77
bC-statistic = 0.73