. 2016 Oct 27;130(1):223–245. doi: 10.1007/s00122-016-2810-3

Table 3.

Performance levels 1983 and 2014, difference in performance levels between 2014 and 1983, and estimates of linear regression coefficients for trends

Traits		Source	Overall regression estimates				Estimates of linear trends
Traits			Overall regression estimates				Genetic			Non-genetic			Overall
Short name	Unit		1983	2014	Diff.	%Diff.	Absolute	SE	%	Absolute	SE	%	Absolute	SE	%
GRAIN_Y	dt ha⁻¹	Trial	86.0	106.4	20.4^***	23.8	0.559^***	0.040	0.65	0.075	0.112	0.09	0.659^***	0.110	0.77
		Trial^b	85.5	105.6	20.1^***	23.5	0.541^***	0.041	0.63	0.074	0.111	0.09	0.647^***	0.108	0.76
		On-farm^a	60.9	80.1	19.2^***	31.6							0.620^***	0.086	1.02
FALLING_N	s	Trial	296.4	313.7	17.3	5.8	1.375^**	0.372	0.46	−0.930	0.736	−0.31	0.557	0.702	0.19
PROTEIN_C	%	Trial	13.6	12.5	−1.1^***	−8.0	−0.028^***	0.004	−0.21	−0.006	0.008	−0.05	−0.035^***	0.007	−0.26
		Trial^b	13.7	12.7	−1.0^***	−7.4	0.025^***	0.005	−0.19	−0.007	0.008	−0.05	−0.033^***	0.007	−0.24
		On-farm^b	12.9	13.1	0.2*	1.5	0.016*	0.007	0.13	−0.010	0.008	−0.07	0.008^*	0.003	0.05
SEDIMNT_V	ml	Trial	40.6	43.8	3.2	7.9	−0.006	0.087	−0.02	0.072	0.067	0.18	0.103	0.066	0.26
		Trial^b	43.0	47.0	4.0	9.3	0.006	0.085	0.01	0.081	0.073	0.19	0.129	0.073	0.30
		On-farm^b	35.6	51.7	16.1^***	45.4	0.307^***	0.083	0.86	0.117	0.063	0.33	0.542^***	0.045	1.46
HARDNESS	%	Trial	48.6	55.1	6.5^*	13.4	0.064^*	0.032	0.13	0.128^**	0.041	0.26	0.002^*	0.210	0.43
WATER_A	%	Trial	57.9	58.6	0.7	1.2	−0.011	0.017	−0.02	0.026	0.023	0.05	0.022	0.022	0.04
MINERAL_C	%	Trial	0.48	0.46	−0.03	−5.2	0.0004	0.0002	0.07	−0.0011^*	0.0005	−0.24	−0.0008	0.0005	−0.17
MILLSTR_Y	%	Trial	73.2	72.2	−1.0	−1.4	0.010	0.013	0.01	−0.048	0.026	−0.07	−0.033	0.027	−0.05
MINERAL_V		Trial	658.6	632.8	−25.9	−3.9	0.358	0.340	0.05	−1.111	0.626	−0.17	0.607	0.169	−0.13
MILLING_Y	%	Trial	77.2	79.1	1.8^**	2.4	0.010	0.014	0.01	0.046^*	0.022	0.06	0.019^**	0.002	0.08
LOAF_V	ml	Trial	660.8	604.3	−56.5^***	−8.5	−0.344	0.361	−0.05	−1.602^***	0.419	−0.24	−1.822^***	0.432	−0.28
		Trial^b	667.7	621.1	−46.6^***	−7.0	−0.088	0.315	−0.01	−1.574^***	0.421	−0.24	−1.502^***	0.412	−0.23
		On-farm^b	642.4	695.8	53.4^***	8.3	1.209^**	0.404	0.19	0.025	0.346	0.00	1.810^***	0.215	−0.27

Percent trends (%) are relative to 1983 performance levels

SE standard errors of regression coefficients, GRAIN_Y grain yield, FALLING_N falling number, PROTEIN_C crude protein concentration, SEDIMNT_V sedimentation value, HARDNESS hardness, WATER_A water absorption, MINERAL_C mineral concentration, MILLSTR_Y millstream flour yield, MINERAL_V mineral value number, MILLING_Y milling yield, LOAF_V loaf volume, on-farm loaf volume (calculated)

* Significant at 5% level

** Significant at 1% level

*** Significant at 0.1% level

^aOn-farm, all quality groups (national average yield)

^bTrials and on-farm, only quality groups E, A and B