. 2016 Oct 27;130(1):223–245. doi: 10.1007/s00122-016-2810-3

Table 6.

Summary of relevant studies on grain yield and quality of wheat

Author(s)	Region	Description	Relation of GRAIN_Y and PROTEIN_C^#	Genetic trend		Phenotypic correlation
				GRAIN_Y^a	PROTEIN_C^b	GRAIN_Y			PROTEIN_C		SEDIMNT_V
				GRAIN_Y^a	PROTEIN_C^b	PROTEIN_C	SEDIMNT_V	LOAF_V	SEDIMNT_V	LOAF_V	LOAF_V
This study (2016)	Germany	(a) VCU trials (b) on-farm (Tables 3, 5; Fig. 7)	(a) 8.3^*** (b) $\underset{̲}{{- 0.071}^{* * *}}$	(a) 0.559^***	(a) −0.028^*** (b) 0.016^*	(a) −0.77^**	(a) −0.42^**	(a) −0.46^**	(a) 0.67^ (b) 0.84^	(a) 0.67^ (b) 0.88^	(a) 0.77^ (b) 0.96^
Simmonds (1995)	Europe	Review of 13 published grain–protein relations	−7.1ⁿ
Graybosch et al. (1996)	Nebraska, USA	30 G(varieties + lines), 2 Y(1990–1991),17E							0.73^**	0.74^**
Smith and Gooding (1999)	England	36G, Y (1975–1995).220 GxY means from national wheat quality survey			−0.031^***
Oury and Godin (2007)	Northern+ southern France	21 bi-annual VCU trial series (1994–2005), 29–42 G per series, 458E	$\underset{̲}{{- 0.082}^{n}}$			−0.61ⁿ
Kazman (2010)	Germany	459 G (first test year), 9 VCU trial series, 10 Y(1999–2008)				−0.72ⁿ	−0.41ⁿ	−0.51ⁿ	0.61ⁿ	0.62ⁿ	0.65ⁿ
Hartl et al. (2011), Mohler et al. (2011)	Germany	94 G (released 1961–2008, only dominating varieties with baking quality), 2Y, 5L, 7E,		0.245	0.041	−0.76^***	−0.60^***	−0.56^***	0.85^***	0.74^***	0.81^***
Oberforster and Werteker (2011)	Austria	VCU + regional trials, 31 Y(1980–2010)	Average of
	(a) dry region	(a) (49H/18 N)G, 419E	(a) and (b):	(a) (0.35ⁿ/−)		(a) −0.48^/−0.73^*	(a) 0.02/−	(a) 0.05/−
	(b) humid region	(b) (13H/51 N)G, 514E	$\underset{̲}{{0.06}^{n}}$	(b) (0.70ⁿ/−)		(b)−0.53^/−0.83^*	(b) −/−0.04	(b) −/0.06
Cormier et al. (2013)	France	225G (European high quality, released 1969–2010), 2Y (2009–2010), 3L, 4E		0.518^**	−0.0457^***
Bilgin et al. (2015)	Northwest Turkey	36G (6 landraces, 24 varieties released 1960–2010, 6 lines), 2Y (2010–2011), 3L		0.32^**	−0.022^*
Rozbicki et al. (2015)	Poland	7G, 3Y (2009–2010), 3L							0.77*	0.00	−0.03

n no significance test reported

G genotypes, H high quality (about E-grade), N normal bread quality (about A+B- grade), Y harvest years, L location, E environments

GRAIN_Y grain yield, PROTEIN_C crude protein concentration, SEDIMNT_V sedimentation value, LOAF_V loaf volume, on-farm loaf volume (calculated)

* Significant at 5% level

** Significant at 1% level

*** Significant at 0.1% level

# Regression slope of grain yield (dt ha⁻¹) on protein concentration (%), underlined figure refers to regression slope of protein concentration on grain yield

^adt ha⁻¹ year⁻¹

^b% year⁻¹