Table 4.

Results of Cox proportional hazards models examining the effect of depressive symptoms using a dichotomous GDS-15 categorization (mild to severe symptoms versus no/low symptoms) on risk of incident aMCI.

	Women			Men
Parameter	Hazard Ratio (95% CI)	Standard Error	p-value	Hazard Ratio (95% CI)	Standard Error	p-value
Model 1 – Unadjusted depressive symptoms
Mild to severe depressive symptoms vs. no/low symptoms	1.56 (1.02–2.40)	0.22	0.04	1.65 (0.96–2.85)	0.28	0.07
Model 2 – Adjust for demographics
Age	1.08 (1.0–1.12)	0.02	<0.001	1.09 (1.04–1.15)	0.02	<0.001
Education (years)	0.90 (0.85–0.96)	0.03	0.002	1.03 (0.96–1.11)	0.04	0.39
Mild to severe depressive symptoms vs. no/low symptoms	1.43 (0.93–2.20)	0.22	0.10	1.66 (0.96–2.88)	0.28	0.07
Model 3 – Adjust for significant covariates
Age	1.08 (1.04–1.12)	0.02	<0.001	1.10 (1.05–1.16)	0.02	<0.001
Education (years)	0.90 (0.85–0.96)	0.03	0.002	1.03 (0.96–1.10)	0.04	0.46
Antidepressant medication	0.94 (0.29–3.02)	0.59	0.92	3.64 (1.42–9.35)	0.48	0.007
Mild to severe depressive symptoms vs. no/low symptoms	1.43 (0.93–2.21)	0.22	0.11	1.63 (0.94–2.82)	0.28	0.08

Notes. Cox proportional hazards models estimated hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) with 1 degree of freedom. The Wald Chi-square test was the test statistic used to determine significance level of parameters in the Cox models.