Table 1.
List of variables used to model wolf risk of pair bond dissolution in Scandinavia during the period 1998–2011. The name, description and related‐hypothesis of each variable used are mentioned. Time series shows whether the variables used varied with time or not. Quadratic effect shows whether a quadratic effect of the variable was tested or not
| Name | Description | Hypothesis | Time series | Quadratic effect | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Road1 | Total length of paved roads (km per km2) | (H2) Reflects human activity | No | No | (1:100 000, Lantmäteriet, Sweden; N50 kartdata, Staten‐skartverk, Norway) |
| Road2 | Total length of gravel roads (km per km2) | (H2) Reflects human accessibility | No | No | (1:100 000, Lantmäteriet, Sweden; N50 kartdata Statens Kartverk, Norway) |
| RoadBuild | Per cent of roads stretches with ≤ 2 buildings per km | (H2) Reflects human accessibility & remoteness | No | No | (Lantmäteriet, Sweden; N50 kartdata, Statens Kartverk, Norway |
| Hum | Human density, number of inhabitants per km2 | (H2) Reflects human activity | No | No | www.scb.se, Sweden; www.ssb.no, Norway |
| Conf1 | Dogs depredation events | (H2) Reflects potential for conflicts | No | No | www.rovdjursforum.se, Sweden, www.rovbase.no, Norway |
| Conf2 | Sheep depredation events | (H2) Reflects potential for conflicts | No | No | www.rovdjursforum.se, Sweden, www.rovbase.no, Norway |
| TimePres | Number of winters that wolf pairs occupied the area | (H2) Increase tolerance through time | Yes | No | Wabakken et al. (1999, 2001, 2012) |
| Country | Country in which the wolf territory was located (Sweden/Norway/Cross‐border) | (H2) Human attitudes towards wolves differ between Sweden and Norway | No | No | Gangaas, Kaltenborn & Andreassen (2013) |
| LocEast | Location on the longitude scale | (H2) Longitude scale | Yes | Yes | WGS 84/UTM zone 33 |
| LocNorth | Location on the latitude scale | (H2) Latitude scale | Yes | Yes | WGS 84/UTM zone 33 |
| LocCore | Distance from core area of the wolf population | (H2) Effect of management | Yes | Yes | Wabakken et al. (1999, 2001, 2012) |
| Density | Number of wolf territories within a 40 km radius | (H3) Density dependence | Yes | No | Wabakken et al. (1999, 2001, 2012) |
| Moose | Annual number of moose shot per km2 used as an index for local moose density | (H3) Food availability | Yes | No | http://www.viltdata.se/, Sweden; www.ssb.no, Norway |
| Age_F Age_M | Proxy for the minimum age of Female and Male pair members | (H3) Effect of age of pair members | Yes | Yes | Wabakken et al. (1999, 2001, 2012) |
| F_male F_female F | Male, female, potential offspring inbreeding coefficients. | (H4) Inbreeding avoidance | No | No | Liberg et al. (2005) |