Fig 3. Effect of hardening pre-treatments on survival of starved and fed beetles.

Heat (44°C for three hours) survival of fed and starved Zygogramma bicolorata aged (a) 2–3, (b) 14–16 or (c) 34–38 days, following hardening at 19, 33 and 35°C for two hours, and a control group held at 25°C. Error bars denote standard error for each data point for a mean of N = 50. Letters above error bars denote statistical significance among different groups.