Table 4.

Comparison of clinical and pre-clinical therapeutic ultrasound devices

Application	Delivery device	Frequency	Acoustic energy/power	Delivery protocol
ECWT for ischemic heart disease [27]	Extracorporeal shock wave generator mounted in-line with trans-thoracic echocardiogram	N/A (individual shock waves)	0.9 mJ/mm2	200 shock waves per spot, 40–60 spots per session, three sessions per week for three months
HIFU epicardial pulmonary vein isolation for AF [35–37]	UltraCinch and UltraWand devices secured epicardially around pulmonary veins	3.8–6.4 MHz	15–130 W	Three sequential stages of ablation corresponding to different depths: endocardial to epicardial. Ten minutes total for UltraCinch, one minute for UltraWand
HIFU endocardial pulmonary vein isolation for AF [41]	12 French balloon-tipped endocardial catheter	9 MHz	45 W	Circumferential ablations, 40–90 s per vein, multiple ablations may be required
HIFU epicardial VT ablation [46]a	14 French epicardial catheter	6.4 MHz	6 W	60 s per ablation point, multiple points per animal

^aAnimal studies only