Table 1.
Demographics and clinical characteristics
| HC (n=41) | MDD (n=25) | GAD (n=29) | SAD (n=41) | SP (n=24) | Significant Group Differences | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age (years) | 25.6 (12.7) | 26.2 (8.2) | 27.9 (8.1) | 23.0 (5.7) | 22.8 (2.9) | GAD > SAD, SP |
| Sex (% female) | 60.5% | 92.0% | 72.4% | 73.2% | 54.2% | MDD > HC, SP |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||||
| Caucasian | 31.7% | 44.0% | 65.5% | 56.1% | 37.5% | GAD, SAD > All Others |
| African American | 14.6% | 24.0% | 13.8% | 9.8% | 12.5% | MDD > All Others |
| Hispanic | 24.4% | 4.0% | 3.4% | 26.8% | 25.0% | MDD, GAD < All Others |
| Asian | 26.8% | 8.0% | 10.3% | 4.9% | 16.7% | HC > SP > MDD, GAD > SAD |
| Other/Biracial | 2.4% | 20.0% | 10.3% | 2.4% | 8.3% | MDD > GAD, SP > SAD, HC |
| Comorbid Diagnoses and Meds | ||||||
| Total Num. of Current IPs | 0.0 (0.0) | 1.6 (0.8) | 2.0 (1.1) | 1.4 (0.8) | 1.0 (0.0) | GAD > MDD, SAD > SP > HC |
| Other Current Fear IP | 0.0% | 36.0% | 58.6% | 7.3% | 0.0% | GAD > MDD > SAD > SP, HC |
| Other Current Distress IP | 0.0% | 24.0% | 34.5% | 26.8% | 0.0% | GAD, SAD, MDD > SP, HC |
| Other Lifetime Fear IP | 0.0% | 8.0% | 31.0% | 26.8% | 16.7% | GAD, SAD > SP, MDD > HC |
| Other Lifetime Distress IP | 0.0% | 12.0% | 51.7% | 53.6% | 33.3% | GAD, SAD > SP > MDD > HC |
| Current AUD or SUD | 0.0% | 0.0% | 3.4% | 4.9% | 12.5% | SP > SAD, GAD, MDD, HC |
| Lifetime AUD | 0.0% | 12.0% | 10.3% | 19.5% | 37.5% | SP > SAD, MDD, GAD > HC |
| Lifetime SUD | 0.0% | 4.0% | 17.2% | 19.5% | 29.2% | SP > GAD, SAD > MDD > HC |
| Current Eating Disorder | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | N/A |
| Lifetime Eating Disorder | 0.0% | 4.0% | 0.0% | 2.4% | 0.0% | N/A |
| Taking Psychotropic Meds | 0.0% | 4.0% | 0.0% | 4.9% | 8.3% | N/A |
| IDAS Subscale Scores | ||||||
| Depression | 27.7 (7.1) | 67.5 (7.4) | 56.5 (11.3) | 50.5 (13.1) | 38.0 (9.2) | MDD > GAD, SAD > SP, HC |
| Dysphoria | 12.1 (3.1) | 35.6 (4.1) | 30.0 (6.9) | 24.6 (8.0) | 17.8 (5.8) | MDD > GAD > SAD > SP > HC |
| Lassitude | 8.6 (2.5) | 20.8 (5.1) | 17.3 (5.5) | 15.4 (4.2) | 12.0 (4.3) | MDD > SAD, GAD > SP > HC |
| Insomnia | 8.8 (4.1) | 15.7 (5.3) | 15.7 (5.2) | 13.8 (6.3) | 11.7 (3.9) | HC < All Others |
| Suicidality | 6.1 (0.5) | 10.1 (4.1) | 7.0 (2.3) | 7.1 (1.9) | 6.5 (0.9) | MDD > All Others |
| Appetite Loss | 4.0 (2.2) | 8.8 (2.7) | 6.7 (2.8) | 6.5 (3.3) | 5.0 (2.0) | MDD > All Others |
| Appetite Gain | 3.8 (1.3) | 6.2 (3.4) | 6.9 (3.1) | 5.4 (2.4) | 4.7 (2.5) | HC < All Others |
| Ill-Temper | 5.5 (1.0) | 11.2 (4.4) | 11.5 (4.9) | 9.2 (3.9) | 7.5 (2.9) | |
| Well-Being | 28.0 (7.0) | 12.5 (4.4) | 17.9 (5.2) | 20.1 (5.6) | 23. 7 (7.2) | HC > SP, SAD > MDD, GAD |
| Mania | 5.9 (1.7) | 8.6 (3.2) | 10.6 (4.2) | 8.8 (3.9) | 7.6 (3.8) | HC < SP, MDD, GAD, SAD; SP < GAD |
| Euphoria | 6.7 (1.8) | 6.1 (1.4) | 7.0 (2.2) | 6.7 (2.2) | 7.3 (3.2) | N/A |
| Panic | 8.7 (2.4) | 10.6 (3.3) | 12.9 (5.2) | 14.5 (5.5) | 10.6 (3.3) | HC < All Others |
| Social Anxiety | 6.8 (1.3) | 13.2 (5.6) | 14.4 (5.5) | 15.0 (4.2) | 8.9 (3.8) | HC < SP < MDD < GAD, SAD |
| Claustrophobia | 5.1 (0.5) | 6.8 (3.0) | 6.7 (3.6) | 6.5 (2.5) | 6.1 (2.1) | N/A |
| Traumatic Intrusions | 4.5 (1.4) | 9.0 (3.6) | 8.2 (3.6) | 6.7 (2.4) | 5.8 (1.6) | HC < SP < All Others |
| Traumatic Avoidance | 5.0 (1.9) | 10.2 (3.9) | 8.6 (4.2) | 8.2 (3.7) | 8.2 (4.1) | HC < All Others |
| Checking | 3.9 (1.3) | 5.2 (2.7) | 7.7 (3.9) | 5.6 (2.7) | 5.1 (2.6) | HC < All Others |
| Cleaning | 8.0 (1.4) | 10.2 (5.0) | 9.7 (3.9) | 9.8 (4.1) | 10.7 (4.4) | N/A |
| Ordering | 6.9 (2.4) | 7.5 (2.8) | 10.4 (5.7) | 8.5 (2.8) | 8.6 (3.8) | N/A |
| Startle Magnitude | ||||||
| NCD | 48.4 (48.7) | 52.9 (57.1) | 42.1 (35.4) | 57.9 (90.2) | 55.5 (53.5) | N/A |
| NISI | 38.7 (49.5) | 53.7 (53.7) | 33.6 (29.3) | 52.2 (53.8) | 53.1 (54.5) | SAD > GAD |
| PCD | 62.8 (62.1) | 76.9 (68.4) | 57.2 (49.2) | 86.6 (99.4) | 63.8 (40.9) | SAD > All Others |
| PISI | 41.8 (45.1) | 50.0 (49.9) | 43.1 (30.3) | 62.6 (114.0) | 53.8 (37.3) | SAD > GAD, HC |
| UCD | 61.7 (60.7) | 84.9 (72.5) | 70.5 (58.9) | 127.2 (107.8) | 108.6 (82.8) | SAD, SP > All Others |
| UISI | 54.5 (44.5) | 70.9 (66.9) | 56.8 (39.2) | 108.6 (114.5) | 100.9 (80.6) | SAD, SP > All Others |
Note. Significant group differences were tested using pair-wise comparisons (p < .05, chi-square test for categorical variables and Tukey’s honestly significant difference test for continuous variables). Fear disorders include panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobia. Distress disorders include major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder and dysthymia. AUD = alcohol use disorder; SUD = substance use disorder; IP = internalizing psychopathology. N = no-shock; p = predictable shock; U = unpredictable shock; CD = countdown; ISI = interstimulus interval.