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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Mol Neurobiol. 2016 Jul 5;54(6):4551–4559. doi: 10.1007/s12035-016-9983-2

Figure 1. Spatial restraint stress caused depressive phenotype with significant decrease in neurotransmitters.

Figure 1

(A) Immobility time of depressive mice was significantly elevated compared with control group in FST. (B) Immobility time of TST in stress mice and control group. Note that a depressive-like phenotype has been developed after spatial restraint stress. Levels of 5-HT (C) and dopamine (D) in hippocampus were subsequently examined by HPLC, showing the resultant declines of these depression-associated neurotransmitters. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 versus control group. N = 9–10.