Fig. 1.

Intraoperative retinal images showing various illumination intensity levels during heads-up, 3D system-assisted 27-gauge microincision vitrectomy surgery. For ethical reasons, these example images were obtained from a patient with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, rather than one of the macular disease patients included in this study. This patient underwent fluid-air exchange and cryoretinopexy. The arrowhead and arrow represent the optic nerve head and macula, respectively, in all images. Top left: moderate illumination power (39%, the level of the Constellation system; approximately 4 lm). The optic nerve head and macula are clearly visible. Top right: low illumination power (10%; approximately 1 lm). Bottom left: very low illumination power (5%; approximately 0.5 lm). Bottom right: lowest illumination power (1%; approximately 0.1 lm).