FIGURE 11.

Effects of sodium orthovanadate on steady H⁺, Cd²⁺, and Ca²⁺ fluxes in roots of ectomycorrhizal (MAJ and NAU) and non-mycorrhizal (NM) Populus × canescens under Cd²⁺ stress. Ectomycorrhizal (MAJ and NAU) and NM P. × canescens plants were subjected to 0 or 50 μM CdCl₂ for 24 h in the presence and absence of 500 μM sodium orthovanadate. H⁺ (A), Cd²⁺ (B), and Ca²⁺ (C) fluxes were measured along root axes, 100–2,300 μm from the apex, at intervals of 200–300 μm. Each point is the mean of 4–5 individual plants and bars represent the standard error of the mean. Inserted sections show the mean flux rates and different letters, a, b, c, and d, indicate significant difference at P < 0.05 between treatments.