Table 2.
Increase in risk for (a) suicidal ideation and depressive ideas at 45 years, (b) recent life events and (c) psychological ill health at 16 years, for the presence of each individual adversity/maltreatment a
| Suicidal ideation | Recent life events | Psychological ill health at 16 years | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adversity | In the past week have you felt that life isn't worth living? | Depressive ideas | Life events at 45 years, 1 v. 0 | Internalizing or externalizing at 16 years | Internalizing at 16 years | Externalizing at 16 years |
| Illness in the household | 2.23 (1.59–3.14)*** | 1.38 (1.11–1.70)** | 1.12 (1.00–1.26)* | 1.53 (1.33–1.75)*** | 1.46 (1.26–1.69)*** | 1.58 (1.30–1.91)*** |
| Neglected/underfed appearance at 7–11 years | 1.61 (0.88–2.95) | 1.47 (1.00–2.14)* | 1.05 (0.83–1.33) | 2.76 (2.22–3.42)*** | 2.36 (1.85–3.00)*** | 2.73 (2.03–3.67)*** |
| Maternal absence | 0.97 (0.51–1.83) | 1.02 (0.72–1.43) | 1.02 (0.85–1.23) | 1.61 (1.29–2.01)*** | 1.58 (1.19–2.08)** | 1.68 (1.27–2.22)*** |
| Paternal absence | 2.12 (1.49–3.00)*** | 1.34 (1.08–1.66)** | 1.11 (0.98–1.26) | 1.66 (1.43–1.93)*** | 1.50 (1.26–1.79)*** | 1.91 (1.59–2.30)*** |
| In care | 2.17 (1.26–3.74)** | 1.60 (1.11–2.31)* | 1.42 (1.14–1.77)** | 2.54 (2.03–3.17)*** | 2.22 (1.73–2.86)*** | 2.87 (2.20–3.76)*** |
| Divorce of parents by age 16 years b | 1.82 (1.24–2.66)**† | 1.32 (1.04–1.68)* | 1.19 (1.03–1.38)* | 1.75 (1.48–2.08)*** | 1.53 (1.26–1.87)*** | 2.09 (1.69–2.57)*** |
| Males | 2.94 (1.68–5.13)*** | |||||
| Females | 1.29 (0.75–2.22) | |||||
| Parental physical abuse c | 3.07 (2.07–4.56)*** | 2.83 (2.23–3.59)*** | 1.78 (1.49–2.14)*** | 1.77 (1.44–2.19)*** | 1.30 (1.01–1.68)* | 2.42 (1.91–3.07)*** |
| Parental sexual abuse c | 3.55 (1.95–6.46)*** | 3.06 (2.05–4.54)*** | 1.64 (1.16–2.32)** | 2.75 (1.88–4.02)*** | 2.10 (1.38–3.20)*** | 3.77 (2.50–5.69)*** |
| Cumulative adversity scale at 7–16 years d | ||||||
| 1 | 1.84 (1.13–2.98)* | 1.43 (1.10–1.85)** | 1.15 (1.02–1.30)* | 1.50 (1.28–1.74)*** | 1.38 (1.16–1.63)*** | 1.64 (1.30–2.07)*** |
| Males | 1.14 (0.95–1.38) | |||||
| Females | 1.16 (0.99–1.35) | |||||
| 2 | 2.56 (1.53–4.29)*** | 1.56 (1.17–2.08)** | 1.24 (1.05–1.46)* | 1.95 (1.57–2.42)*** | 1.63 (1.28–2.09)*** | 2.34 (1.76–3.12)*** |
| Males | 1.17 (0.92–1.47) | |||||
| Females | 1.31 (1.03–1.66)* | |||||
| 3 or more | 4.31 (2.67–6.94)*** | 2.24 (1.71–2.93)*** | 1.39 (1.17–1.66)***†† | 3.25 (2.64–4.00)*** | 2.60 (2.06–3.28)*** | 4.09 (3.21–5.23)*** |
| Males | 1.07 (0.83–1.39) | |||||
| Females | 1.80 (1.42–2.28)*** | |||||
Data are given as adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval).
Suicidal ideation and recent life events models adjusted for social class at 42 years, qualifications at 33 years, and gender. Psychological ill health at 16 years model adjusted for gender and social class at 7 years.
Reported at 33 years.
Reported at 45 years.
Measure of adversity only counts absent mother and absent father if being in care and divorce are not present; also does not include illness as this is too frequent. All measures are prospective (measured in childhood) except divorce of parents by age 16 years, parental physical abuse and parental sexual abuse. In all analyses the reference group is no exposure to the adversity or 0 for the cumulative adversity measure.
* p ⩽ 0.05, ** p ⩽ 0.01, *** p ⩽ 0.001.
No significant gender interactions were observed with the following exceptions: † p = 0.032; †† p = 0.004.