Table 3. The Cox proportional hazard model of bladder recurrence in UTUC patients.
| Variables | Univariable analysis | Multivariable analysis | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case numbera | Recurrence events | Model 1 | Model 2b | ||||||||
| HR | range | p value | HR | range | p value | HR | range | p value | |||
| Age | 121 | 39 | 0.98 | 0.95–1.01 | 0.13 | 0.96 | 0.92–1.00 | 0.076 | — | — | — |
| Sex | |||||||||||
| Female | 57 | 15 | 1 | — | — | 1 | — | — | 1 | — | — |
| Male | 64 | 24 | 1.56 | 0.81–3.00 | 0.179 | 2.38 | 0.93–6.08 | 0.07 | 2.91 | 1.29–6.59 | 0.01 |
| Smokers | |||||||||||
| No | 97 | 30 | 1 | — | — | 1 | — | — | — | — | — |
| Yes | 24 | 9 | 1.29 | 0.61–2.72 | 0.511 | 1.6 | 0.78–3.26 | 0.196 | — | — | — |
| Heavy smokersc | |||||||||||
| No | 102 | 32 | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Yes | 19 | 7 | 1.27 | 0.56–2.89 | 0.565 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Herbs usage | |||||||||||
| No | 101 | 30 | 1 | — | — | 1 | — | — | — | — | — |
| Yes | 20 | 9 | 1.6 | 0.76–3.39 | 0.218 | 2.77 | 0.48–16.00 | 0.254 | — | — | — |
| AL-DNA adduct | |||||||||||
| No | 42 | 13 | 1 | — | — | 1 | — | — | — | — | — |
| Yes | 79 | 26 | 1.04 | 0.52–2.08 | 0.907 | 0.88 | 0.33–2.31 | 0.794 | — | — | — |
| TP53 mutational pattern | |||||||||||
| Wild type | 49 | 11 | 1 | — | — | 1 | — | — | 1 | — | — |
| Mutation with A > T | 39 | 12 | 1.34 | 0.58–3.10 | 0.497 | 3.02 | 0.85–10.71 | 0.088 | 2.91 | 0.97–8.76 | 0.058 |
| Mutation other than A > T | 33 | 16 | 2.94 | 1.33–6.49 | 0.008 | 9.93 | 2.87–34.37 | <0.001 | 8.4 | 2.64–26.74 | < 0.001 |
| p53 IHC staining | |||||||||||
| Negative | 42 | 15 | 1 | — | — | 1 | — | — | 1 | — | — |
| <= 50% | 32 | 9 | 1.06 | 0.49–2.30 | 0.877 | 1.26 | 0.48–3.31 | 0.641 | 1.12 | 0.47–2.70 | 0.798 |
| > 50% | 17 | 7 | 2.18 | 0.94–5.06 | 0.069 | 3.16 | 0.94–10.60 | 0.063 | 1.81 | 0.66–4.94 | 0.245 |
| ESRD | |||||||||||
| No | 107 | 34 | 1 | — | — | 1 | — | — | — | — | — |
| Yes | 14 | 5 | 1.09 | 0.43–2.80 | 0.854 | 0.43 | 0.05–3.42 | 0.427 | — | — | — |
| DM | |||||||||||
| No | 92 | 25 | 1 | — | — | 1 | — | — | 1 | — | — |
| Yes | 29 | 14 | 2.37 | 1.22–4.61 | 0.011 | 6.76 | 2.28–20.05 | 0.001 | 4.29 | 1.77–10.37 | 0.001 |
| Hypertension | |||||||||||
| No | 68 | 17 | 1 | — | — | 1 | — | — | — | — | — |
| Yes | 53 | 22 | 1.56 | 0.83–2.97 | 0.17 | 2.13 | 0.87–5.21 | 0.098 | — | — | — |
| Grade | |||||||||||
| Low | 35 | 14 | 1 | — | — | 1 | — | — | 1 | — | — |
| High | 86 | 25 | 0.89 | 0.46–1.73 | 0.733 | 0.9 | 0.35–2.29 | 0.823 | 0.72 | 0.30–1.71 | 0.453 |
| Stage | |||||||||||
| Ta-1NoMo | 62 | 19 | 1 | — | — | 1 | — | — | 1 | — | — |
| T2-4NoMo | 51 | 20 | 1.24 | 0.66–2.34 | 0.51 | 1.32 | 0.61–2.81 | 0.481 | 1.21 | 0.63–2.31 | 0.571 |
| Multiple tumor location | |||||||||||
| No | 109 | 32 | 1 | — | — | 1 | — | — | — | — | — |
| Yes | 12 | 7 | 1.69 | 0.60–4.78 | 0.324 | 1.25 | 0.19–8.27 | 0.816 | — | — | — |
| Lower ureter location | |||||||||||
| No | 83 | 23 | 1 | — | — | 1 | — | — | 1 | — | — |
| Yes | 38 | 16 | 1.85 | 0.96–3.56 | 0.065 | 1.07 | 0.38–3.03 | 0.9 | 1.12 | 0.43–2.94 | 0.817 |
UTUC = upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma; AL-DNA = aristolactam-DNA; IHC = immunohistochemical; ESRD = end-stage renal disease; DM = diabetes mellitus.
a
The patients with synchronous or previous bladder cancers or receiving radical cystectomies were excluded from this study.
b
Model 2 includes variables with p < 0.05 in the univariable analysis, and classical prognostic factors.
c
Heavy smoking was defined as more than 20 pack-years.