Table 1.
Demographic Characteristics of the Participants (n = 159)
| Controls (n = 49) | Siblings (n = 55) | Patients (n = 55) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time Point | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Scan interval (d) | 1222±198 | 1177±101 | 1196±121 | |||
| Age at scan (y) | 31.0±11.0 | 34.4±10.9 | 30.9±8.5 | 34.1±8.5 | 28.7±6.3 | 32.0±6.2 |
| Sex, male (%) | 19 (39%) | 29 (53%) | 40 (73%) | |||
| Handedness | 83.2 | 78.0 | 72.2 | |||
| Level of education | 5.4±2.0 | 5.4±2.1 | 4.5±1.9 | |||
| Age of onset (y) | — | — | 21.8±6.3 | |||
| Illness duration (y) | — | — | 5.7±3.5 | 10.3±4.0 | ||
| AP medication | — | — | 6693±6254a | 5335±5715b | ||
| Diagnosis | ||||||
| Schizophrenia | — | — | 33 | |||
| Schizoaffective disorder | — | — | 16 | |||
| Psychotic disorder NOS | — | — | 6 | |||
| Major depressive disorderc | 11 | 15 | — | |||
| Substance use | ||||||
| Cannabis | 4.8±32.0d | 7.1±49.1d | 36.5±105.2d | |||
| Other drugs | 0.0 | 0.0 | 15.2±57.0d | |||
| Alcohol | 6.3±10.8e | 6.0±5.4e | 4.9±7.6e | |||
| PANSS scores | ||||||
| Positive symptoms | 7.3±1.2 | 7.4±0.8 | 7.4±0.9 | 7.4±0.7 | 9.6±3.7 | 11.6±5.7 |
| Negative symptoms | 8.2±1.2 | 8.0±0.2 | 8.2±1.3 | 8.0±0.3 | 11.4±5.2 | 11.1±4.2 |
| Disorganization | 10.3±1.5 | 10.1±0.3 | 10.3±0.6 | 10.1±0.4 | 11.7±2.6 | 11.8±2.5 |
| Excitement | 8.4±1.3 | 8.3±0.5 | 8.5±1.2 | 8.3±0.6 | 9.4±1.9 | 9.7±2.5 |
| Emotional distress | 9.3±2.1 | 9.4±1.7 | 9.7±2.2 | 9.7±2.2 | 12.9±5.2 | 14.1±5.0 |
| Remission (percentage) | — | — | — | — | 61% | 62% |
Note: Means ± SDs are reported. AP, antipsychotic; NOS, not otherwise specified; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale.
aCumulative exposure (in haloperidol equivalents), lifetime until baseline assessment.
bExposure (in haloperidol equivalents) over last 3 y.
cHistory of major depressive disorder, no current episodes at baseline or in last 3 y.
dMean number of times; last 12 mo.
eWeekly consumptions last 12 mo.