Table 1.
Demographics, Medication, Family History, and Comorbidities
| Psychosis n = 85 | No Psychosis n = 82 | P | Controls n = 102 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Males | 30 (35%) | 34 (41%) | .43 | 56 (50%) |
| Females | 55 (65%) | 48 (59%) | .43 | 56 (50%) |
| BP1 | 69 (81%) | 16 (20%) | <.00001 | 0 |
| BP2 | 16 (19%) | 66 (80%) | <.00001 | 0 |
| Lithium, current use | 53 (62%) | 34 (41%) | .0085 | 0 |
| Antidepressants, current use | 32 (38%) | 49 (60%) | .0053 | 0 |
| Antipsychotics, current use | 33 (39%) | 11 (13%) | .0002 | 0 |
| Antipsychotics, lifetime months use, mean ± SD | 7±16 | 4±12 | .11 | 0 |
| Anticonvulsants, current use | 28 (33%) | 23 (28%) | .51 | 0 |
| Age, mean ± SD | 37±13 | 40±13 | .20 | 39±15 |
| First episode, age, mean ± SD | 22±9 | 21±11 | .54 | n/a |
| Illness duration, mean ± SD | 16±10 | 19±14 | .068 | n/a |
| Lifetime manic episodes,a mean ± SD | 3±3 | 3±6 | .97 | 0 |
| 9 y education | 14 (16%) | 12 (15%) | .83 | 1 (1%) |
| 12 y education | 25 (29%) | 22 (27%) | .73 | 36 (36%) |
| University education | 46 (54%) | 48 (59%) | .64 | 61 (61%) |
| CGI, median (min–max) | 5 (2–7) | 4 (2–6) | <.00001 | n/a |
| First degree relative with bipolar disorder | 16 (19%) | 11 (13%) | .40 | 0 |
| Any relative bipolar disorder | 23 (27%) | 21 (26%) | .86 | 0 |
| First degree with schizophrenia | 2 (3%) | 1 (1%) | 1 | 0 |
| Any relative schizophrenia | 6 (7%) | 6 (7%) | 1 | 0 |
| Any suicide attempt | 39 (46%) | 23 (28%) | .025 | 0 |
| Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder | 14 (16%) | 31 (38%) | .0028 | 0 |
| Panic disorder | 20 (24%) | 28 (34%) | .17 | 0 |
| Social phobia | 13 (15%) | 18 (22%) | .32 | 0 |
| Obsessive compulsive disorder | 11(13%) | 11 (13%) | 1 | 0 |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | 11 (13%) | 15 (18%) | .40 | 0 |
| Anorexia | 8 (9%) | 8 (10%) | 1 | 0 |
| Bulimia | 9 (11%) | 9 (11%) | 1 | 0 |
| Alcohol dependence | 14 (16%) | 13 (16%) | 1 | 0 |
| Drug abuse | 11 (13%) | 5 (7%) | .19 | 0 |
| Body Mass Index, mean ± SD | 26±4 | 24±4 | .057 | 24±3 |
Note: BD1, bipolar 1 disorder; BD2, bipolar 2 disorder; CGI, clinical global impression. Fisher’s exact test, 2-tailed, was used for frequencies, Student’s 2-sided T-test for continuous variables and Mann-Whitney U-test for ordinal data.
aBipolar I subjects only.