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Diagram of metabolic pathways involving NAD+ and NADH redox reactions. Oxidative stress can induce redox imbalance in either cytosolic and/or mitochondria compartment, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction. The elevated NADH levels in patients with schizophrenia (SZ) can arise from either abnormal elevation in glycolysis in the cytosol, or disruption/inefficiency in the electron transport chain (ETC) of mitochondria, or both.
