Figure 2. HNG rapidly increases the phosphorylation of MAPK p44/42 (ERK 1/2), AKT, and STAT3 in SH-SY5Y cells.

Quantification and representative western blots of (A) ERK activation, (B) AKT activation, and (C) STAT3 activation. Total cell lysates from SH-SY5Y cells following 100μM HNG treatment in DMEM or DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS for the indicated time periods were immunoblotted using anti-phospho- and total-ERK 1/2 (Thr²⁰²/Tyr²⁰⁴), AKT (Ser⁴⁷³), and STAT-3 (Tyr⁷⁰⁵). A densitometric analysis of ERK, AKT, and STAT-3 levels were performed using image J. Data are reported as mean ± SEM of three to six independent experiments. ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05. Abbreviations: CM, Complete medium; SF, Serum-free medium.