Figure 3. HNG rapidly increase the phosphorylation of MAPK p44/42 (ERK1/2) in HEK293 cells.

Quantification and representative western blots of (A) ERK activation, (B) AKT activation, and (C) STAT3 activation. Total cell lysates from HEK293 cells following 100μM HNG treatment for the indicated time periods were immunoblotted using anti-phospho- and total-ERK 1/2 (Thr²⁰²/Tyr²⁰⁴), AKT (Ser⁴⁷³), and STAT3 (Tyr⁷⁰⁵). A densitometric analysis of ERK, AKT, and STAT3 levels were performed using Image J. Data are reported as mean ± SEM of four independent experiments. *p < 0.05. Abbreviations: CM, Complete medium; SF, Serum-free medium.