Figure 3. Zingerone has antiangiogenic activities in vitro.

(A) Renca cells were incubated with the indicated concentration of zingerone for 24 h. The data are expressed as the means ± S.D. of three independent experiments. (B) Under hypoxic conditions, Renca cells were incubated with or without zingerone for 24 h. CM was collected and applied to SVECs for 24 h and the data are expressed as the means ± S.D. of three independent experiments. (C) CM was collected and applied to SVECs in the tube formation assay. (D) Tube-forming area was measured using Image J software, and the data are presented as the means ± S.D. of three independent experiments. (E) In the wounding migration assay, migrated cells were counted, and the data are presented as the means ± S.D. of three independent experiments. **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001 compared to the normoxic control; ^#p < 0.05, ^##p < 0.01, and ^###p < 0.001 compared to the hypoxic control. (F) SVECs were incubated with the indicated concentration of zingerone for 24 h. The data are expressed as the means ± S.D. of three independent experiments. (G) SVECs were incubated on Matrigel with CoCl₂ for 10 h in the presence or absence of zingerone as indicated. (H) ^#p < 0.05 compared to the CoCl₂–only group. (I) Migrated SVECs were counted. **p < 0.01 compared to the control; ^##p < 0.01 compared to the CoCl₂-only group. (J) SVECs were incubated on Matrigel under hypoxia for 10 h in the presence or absence of zingerone as indicated. (K) ***p < 0.001 compared to the control; ^#p < 0.05 compared to thehypoxia–only group. (L) Migrated SVECs were counted. *p< 0.05 compared to the control; ^#p < 0.05 compared to the hypoxia–only group.