Table 1.
Demographic, clinical and laboratory variables in subjects with diabetic foot and in controls (diabetic subjects without diabetic foot and subjects without diabetes)
| Subjects with diabetic foot (n: 50) |
Diabetic subjects without diabetic foot (n: 50) |
Healthy controls (n: 53) |
p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| M/F (n/%) | 35/15 (70/30) | 27/23 (54/46) | 26/27 (49.1/50.9) | 0.087 |
| Age (years) (mean ± SD) | 61.6 ± 10.1 | 60.6 ± 12.5 | 63.0 ± 13.9 | 0.71 |
| SBP (mm/hg) (mean ± SD) |
135.0 ± 21.8 | 124.5 ± 16.8 | 116.3 ± 13.4 | <0.0001 |
| DBP (mm/hg) (mean ± SD) | 67.9 ± 10.7 | 70.9 ± 11.2 | 71.3 ± 12.7 | 0.283 |
| BMI (kg/m2) (mean ± SD) |
30.2 ± 6.4 | 29.9 ± 4.5 | 25.1 ± 4.3 | <0.0001 |
| BSA (mean ± SD) |
2.02 ± 0.23 | 1.97 ± 0.25 | 1.79 ± 0.23 | <0.0001 |
| Creatinin (mg/dl) (mean ± SD) | 1.05–0.27 | 1.01 ± 0.27 | 0.90 ± 0.11 | 0.008 |
| EGFR (ml/min) (mean ± SD) | 73.46 ± 13.48 | 73.38 ± 13.53 | 92.59 ± 6.06 | <0.0001 |
| Micro albuminuria (n/ %) | 12 | 14 | 0 | <0.0001 |
| Hypertension (n/%) | 46 (92) | 31 (62) | 5 (9) | <0.0001 |
| Previous cardiovascular events (n/%) | 12 (24) | 5 (1) | 0 (0) | <0.0001 |
| Previous stroke (n/%) |
3 (6) | 2 (4) | 0 (0) | 0.202 |
| Dyslipidaemia (n/%) |
35 (70) | 22 (44) | 8 (15.1) | <0.0001 |
| AIX (%) (mean ± SD) |
139.1 ± 19.2/27.3 ± 9.8 | 145.0 ± 27.5/29.0 ± 12.1 | 130.8 ± 34.8/22.3 ± 14.8 | 0.039 |
| PWV (m/sec) (mean ± SD) |
14.3 ± 3.8 | 11.9 ± 2.6 | 9.2 ± 1.9 | <0.0001 |
| RHI (mean ± SD) | 1.6 ± 0.4 | 1.8 ± 0.5 | 2.4 ± 0.6 | <0.0001 |
| MMSE (mean/sd) | 26.5 ± 3.6 | 27.42 ± 2.3 | 29.2 ± 1.1 | <0.0001 |
| (HbA1c) (%) (mean/sd) |
8.2 ± 1.3 | 7.3 ± 1.1 | – | <0.0001 |
| Antihypertensive drugs (%/n) | ||||
| Ace-inhibitors | (26/52) | 23 (46) | 0 | <0.0001 |
| ARBs | 13 (26) | 10 (20) | 0 | <0.0001 |
| (CCB) | 10 (20) | 9 (18) | 0 | <0.0001 |
| Statins (%/n) | 29 (58) | 28 (56) | 0 | <0.0001 |
| Antidiabetic drugs (%/n) | ||||
| Sulfonylureas | 23 (46) | 21 (42) | 0 | <0.0001 |
| Metformin | 22 (44) | 23 (46) | 0 | <0.0001 |
| Insulin | 38 (76) | 31 (62) | 0 | <0.0001 |
BMI body mass index, BSA body surface area, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, Aortic AIx aortic augmentation index, AP augmentation pressure, PWV pulse wave velocity, RHI reactive hyperaemia index, MMSE mini mental state examination, HbA1c glycated haemoglobin, ARBs angiotensin receptor 1 blockers, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate according Cockcroft and Gault formula, CCB calcium channel blockers
Italic values indicate significance of p value (p < 0.05)