Figure 2.
Oncogenic mutations for the upregulation of EREG expression.
Notes: Oncogenic mutations in the EGFR, KRAS, or BRAF genes result in activation of the MEK/ERK signaling pathway, which in turn upregulates EREG expression. Overproduced EREG can stimulate the EGFR/ErbB receptors to activate multiple downstream signaling pathways, including the PI3K/AKT pathway through an autocrine loop mechanism.
Abbreviations: EREG, epiregulin; MEK, mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; PI3K, Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; AKT, AKT8 virus oncogene cellular homolog.