Table 1.
Human genes used in quantitative real-time PCR
| Gene | Primer nucleotide sequence (5′ → 3′) | Amplicon (bp) |
|---|---|---|
| Housekeeping gene | ||
| GAPDH | F - TGGACTCCACGACGTACTCA | 102 |
| R - GGAAGCTTGTCATCAATGGAA | ||
| Mitochondrial biogenesis | ||
| POLG | F - GCTGGTGGAAGAGCGTTACTC | 241 |
| R - GAAGCTGCTTAGCCCTGAGAT | ||
| POLG2 | F - GGTTTGGGGGTCGAGTAGATG | 186 |
| R - TTCCACTTAGGAAATGCCTTCTC | ||
| NRF1 | F - AACAAAATTGGGCCACGTTACA | 291 |
| R - TCTGGACCAGGCCATTAGCA | ||
| TFAM | F - ATGGCGTTTCTCCGAAGCAT | 133 |
| R - CAGATGAAAACCACCTCGGTAA | ||
| PGC-1α | F - GCTTTCTGGGTGGACTCAAGT | 142 |
| R - TCTAGTGTCTCTGTGAGGACTG | ||
| PGC-1β | F - CCACATCCTACCCAACATCAAG | 93 |
| R - CACAAGGCCGTTGACTTTTAGA | ||
| Mitochondrial chaperones | ||
| PHB | F - CACAGAAGCGGTGGAAGC | 96 |
| R - ATGGCCGCCTITTTCTGT | ||
| PHB2 | F - TGCTGAACCTACAGGATGAAA | 77 |
| R - TGGTGACTAGGCTCATITCTTACC | ||
| MRP5S | F - GAAATCGATCCGTGTCTTGG | 87 |
| R - GCATCCATCCGATCAGTAGC | ||
| Telomere length | ||
| Telomere | teloF - CGGTTTGTTTGGGTTTGGGTTTGGGTTTGGGTTTGGGTT | >76 |
| teloR - GGCTTGCCTTACCCTTACCCTTACCCTTACCCTTACCCT | ||
| 36B4 | F - CAGCAAGTGGGAAGGTGTAATCC | 75 |
| R - CCCATTCTATCATCAACGGGTACAA | ||
| mtDNA copy number | ||
| ND1 | F - GGAGTAATCCAGGTCGGT | 265 |
| R - TGGGTACAATGAGGAGTAGG | ||
| CF | F - AGCAGAGTACCTGAAACAGGAA | 482 |
| R - AGCTTACCCATAGAGGAAACATAA | ||
bp base pair, F Forward, mtDNA mitochondrial DNA, R Reverse