Table 5.

Characteristics of included studies and reported between-groups outcomes

Study	Sample	Intervention	Outcome
Ard et al. 2008 [53]	African Americans N = 377	Culturally Adapted (CA): Racially matched participants in group weight-loss program. Standard (STD): Multicultural participant group.	○a No significant difference in attendance (p = .09), change in weight (p = .97), fruit/vegetable intake (p = .60), fiber intake (p = .94) or fat intake at follow-up (p = .46). ○ No significant difference in percentage of recipients getting >180 min. physical activity per week at follow-up (p = .18).
Burrow-Sanchez et al. 2015 [77]	Latinos (Adolescents) N = 70b	Culturally Adapted (CA): Culturally tailored cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Standard (STD): Standard CBT.	○ No significant difference in reduction of past-90-day drug use (p = .66).
Burrow-Sanchez & Wrona, 2012 [76]	Latinos (Adolescents) N = 35	Culturally Adapted (CA): Culturally tailored cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Standard (STD): Standard CBT.	○ No significant difference in reduction of past-90-day drug use or program retention†. ● Parents in the CA condition were more satisfied with the program (p = .02). ○ No significant difference in adolescent satisfaction, (p = .09).
Chiang & Sun, 2009 [79]	Asian Americans(Chinese) N = 128	Culturally Adapted (CA): 8-week culturally tailored walking program. Standard (STD): Non-tailored program.	○ No significant difference in post-test blood pressure or walking endurance†.
Fitzgibbon et al. 2005 [50]	African Americans (Obese/over-weight, women) N = 59	Culturally Adapted (CA): Faith-based 12-week weight-loss program. Standard (STD): Weight-loss intervention with no active faith component.	○ No significant difference in program retention (>75% attendance)†. ○ No significant difference in energy expenditure at 12 weeks (p = .08). ○ No significant difference in dietary fat consumption at 12 weeks (p = .91). ○ No significant difference in 12-week weight change: Kg (p = .34), % (p = .41). ○ No significant difference in BMIc change at 12 weeks (p = .37, d = 0.27). ○ No significant difference in either vigorous physical activity (p = .36) or moderate physical activity (p = .06) at 12 weeks.
Gondolf, 2008 [47]	African Americans (Men) N = 372	Culturally Adapted (CA1): 16-week racially-matched group counseling program with standard curriculum for domestic-violence offenders. Culturally Adapted (CA2): Racially-matched counsellor and culturally-targeted program curriculum. Standard (STD): Multicultural group with Caucasian counsellors and standard curriculum.	○ Program completion was comparable across groups†.
Halbert et al. 2010 [68]	African Americans (Women) N = 176	Culturally Adapted (CA): Culturally tailored genetic counseling. Standard (STD): Standard genetic counseling.	○ No significant difference in risk perception at follow-up (LRT = 0.07, p = .79). ○ No significant difference in counseling completion (p = .70). ○ Genetic screening uptake was comparable between groups†.
Havranek et al. 2012 [58]	African Americans N = 99	Culturally Adapted (CA): A values-affirmation exercise to reduce stereotype-threat and boost self-efficacy of clients during race-discordant client-provider communications. Standard (STD): Neutral comparison exercise.	● CA group provided and requested significantly more information about medical condition (p = .03), but not therapeutic regimen (p = .56), lifestyle (p = .42), or services (p = .70). ○ No significant difference in trust in provider (p = .55) or patient visit satisfaction (p = .32).
Holt et al. 2009 [71]	African Americans (Men) N = 49	Culturally Adapted (CA): Spiritually-based “Sunday-school” prostate cancer education session. Standard (STD): Non-spiritual prostate cancer educational session.	○ Groups were comparable in rating the acceptability/appropriateness of the intervention and in finding it helpful for making informed decisions†. ● CA group read significantly more of the materials (p < .01). ○ Difference in change in self-efficacy was not significant between groups for screening, decision making regarding prostate specific antigen, or decision making regarding digital rectal examination†. ○ Groups changed comparably in screening beliefs, knowledge (prostate cancer, screening controversy, relationship between screening and mortality), and barriers to screening decisions†.
Holt et al., 2012a [66], 2012b [67]	African Americans N = 285	Culturally Adapted (CA): Spiritually-themed colorectal cancer education session. Standard (STD): Non-spiritual colorectal cancer education session.	○ No significant difference in CRCd knowledge at follow-up (p = .65 [2012a]). ● STD group self-reported significantly more FOBTe within previous 12 months (p = .03 [2012b]). ○ No significant difference in follow-up self-report of lifetime FOBT (p = .55), flexible sigmoidoscopy (p = .52), colonoscopy (p = .55), or barium enemas (p = .32 [2012b]). ○ No significant difference in follow-up perceived CRC screening benefits (p = .16), FOBT benefits (p = .20), FOBT barriers (p = .33), colonoscopy benefits (p = .80), or colonoscopy barriers (p = .54 [2012b]).
Huey & Pan, 2006 [64]; Pan et al. 2011 [65]	Asian Americans N = 30	Culturally Adapted (CA): Culturally tailored single-session exposure treatment for phobias. Standard (STD): Standard one-session exposure treatment for phobias.	○ No significant differences in avoidance/anxiety, catastrophic thinking, general fear, or DSM-IV TRf phobic symptoms at follow-up (2011)†. ○ CA group had significantly lower subjective distress ratings at one week, but not at 6 months (2011)†. ● No significant difference of clinician rating of fear at one week, but the CA group was rated as having significantly lower fear response at six months (2011)†.
Hwang et al. 2015 [80]	Asian Americans (Chinese) N = 50	Culturally Adapted (CA): Culturally tailored CBT for depression. Standard (STD): Standard CBT.	○ No significant difference in program retention†. ○ No significant difference in severity of depression by session 12†. ● Log-linear growth model revealed CA group observed significantly greater decrease in depression scores from baseline to session 12 despite baseline differences (p = .047).
Jandorf et al., 2013a [51], 2013b [52]	African Americans N = 304g	Culturally Adapted (CA): Peer-led patient navigation for African Americans referred for colonoscopy. Standard (STD): Physician-led patient navigation.	○ Groups were similar in rates of colonoscopy screening at follow-up (2013b)†. ○ No significant difference in trust in provider at follow-up (p = .56 [2013a]). ○ No significant difference in perceived message and source credibility (p = .97 [2013a]). ○ Groups were comparable in satisfaction (p = .07 [2013a])†.
Johnson et al. 2005 [37]	Multicultural (Children) N = 3157	Culturally Adapted (CA): 8-session, 50 min. multicultural anti-smoking curriculum. Standard (STD): Standard anti-smoking curriculum.	○ No significant differences in past-month smoking or lifetime ever-having-smoked by 8th grade†.
Kalichman et al. 1993 [46]	African Americans (Women) N = 106	Culturally Adapted (CA1): Culturally tailored content and behavior of presenters in an AIDS/HIV educational video. Culturally Adapted (CA2): Racial and gender matching of presenter to audience in an HIV/AIDS educational video. Standard (STD): Standard HIV/AIDS educational video with mixed-gender/race presenters.	● CA1 obtained significantly more HIV tests (p < .01). ● CA1 and CA2 together were significantly more likely to request condoms at post-test, (p < .001). ○ No significant differences in HIV/AIDS information seeking at post-test, condom purchasing, or attempting to use more condoms†. ○ No significant differences in HIV/AIDS knowledge and attitudes at post-test†. ● CA1 presenters were significantly more perceived as expressing concern (p < 0.01) than the other groups combined. ○ No significant differences in ratings of presenter expertise†.
Kreuter et al. 2003 [61], 2004 [60], 2005 [62]	African Americans (Women) N = 599h	Culturally Adapted (CA): Culturally & behaviorally tailored cancer education magazines to increase mammography/fruit & vegetable intake. Standard (STD): Magazines tailored on behavioral content alone.	○ CA group was not significantly more likely to have obtained a mammogram by 18 months than the STD group (2005)†. ○ Groups increased comparably in median fruit/vegetable servings (2005)†. ○ No significant difference in having received and read materials at 6 months (2004)†.
La Roche et al. 2006 [38]	African Americans, Latinos N = 22i	Culturally Adapted (CA): Allocentric family asthma-management program. Standard (STD): Standard family asthma-management program.	● CA group reduced the number of emergency department visits in the 12 month follow up period by 50%†. ● CA group was significantly greater in parental asthma knowledge at 12 months (p < .05). ○ No significant differences in parental skills, child skills, or child knowledge at 12 months†.
Lee et al. 2013 [54]	Latinos N = 53j	Culturally Adapted (CA): Culturally tailored single-session motivational interviewing to reduce alcohol-induced behavioral problems. Standard (STD): Standard motivational interviewing.	○ No significant difference in treatment engagement†. ○ No significant difference in program satisfaction†. ○ Groups decreased comparably from baseline in past-month heavy drinking. The CA group observed a non-significant, but greater effect (p = .08, η2 = 0.10). ● CA group had greater decreases in alcohol-induced problem behavior scores on the DrInCk Implusivity subscale, (p = .009, η2 = 0.14). The other DrInC subscales did not significantly differ between groups†.
McCabe & Yeh, 2009 [55]; McCabe et al. 2012 [56]	Latinos (Mexican American) N = 58	Culturally Adapted (CA): Culturally tailored Parent–child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) for families with children who have behavior problems. Standard (STD): Standard PCIT.	○ CA group showed greater improvement for all health outcomes, but differences were all non-significant between groups: ECBIl Intensity Subscale (p = .77, d = .09), ECBI Problem Subscale (p = .34, d = .28), CBCLm (p = .10, d = .36), ECIn ODDo symptoms (p = .13, d = .07), ECI CDp symptoms (p = .12, d = .26), ECI ADHDq symptoms (p = .18, d = .08), PSIr (p = .53, d = 0.09), and PLOCs (p = .10, d = .35 [2012])†. ○ CA group showed significantly greater improvement on the CBCL Internalizing subscale (p = .049), but this was no longer significant after a Bonferroni correction (2012). ○ Groups were comparable in treatment satisfaction and dropout (2009)†. ○ No significant differences in parent–child positive/negative interaction styles (do and don’t skills [2009])†. ○ No significant difference in positive parenting behavior scores at post-test (2009)†.
Mohan et al. 2014 [59]	Latinos N = 200	Culturally Adapted (CA): TAUt plus a supplementary simplified and illustrated medication management tool. Standard (STD): TAU.	● CA group had significantly greater knowledge and understanding of medication regimens at follow-up (p < .001). ○ No significant difference in self-reported medication adherence at follow-up†.
Newton & Perri, 2004 [45]	African Americans N = 42u	Culturally Adapted (CA): 10-session culturally tailored group-exercise program and written materials. Standard (STD): Standard program and materials.	○ No significant difference in completion of prescribed exercise (p = .39). ● CA group rated group leaders as showing significantly more appreciation (p = .03). ○ No significant difference in self-reported physical activity at post-test†. ○ Groups increased comparably in maximum oxygen capacity†. ○ There was no significant difference in self-efficacy at post-test†.
Nollen et al. 2007 [73]	African Americans N = 500	Culturally Adapted (CA): Culturally-tailored anti-smoking video and print guide. Standard (STD): Standard video and print guide.	● CA group used the guide significantly more (p = .03). ○ No significant difference in video usage (p = .37), perceived benefits of the guide in attempting to quit (p = .07), or of the video in attempting to quit (p = .32). ○ No significant difference in progression along the Stages of Change continuum in terms of readiness to quit by 6 months†. ○ No significant difference in 7-day abstinence at 6 months (p = .27). ○ No significant difference in change from baseline in the number of cigarettes smoked per day at 6 months (p = .61) or self-reported nicotine patch use (p = .75).
Orleans et al. 1998 [74]	African Americans N = 1422	Culturally Adapted (CA): Culturally targeted stop-smoking counseling session and written materials. Standard (STD): Standard counseling and materials.	○ No significant difference in self-reported reading of material or proportion of recipients who found the guide helpful at 6 months†. ● STD group rated the guide as significantly more suitable for other family members at 6 months (p = .01). ● CA group significantly reduced the number of cigarettes smoked (p = .002), was more likely to set a quit date (p = .001), and was more likely to switch to a lower-nicotine brand of cigarettes by 6 months (p = .001). ● CA group made significantly more quit attempts (p = .007), and used more pre-quitting strategies (p = .05) by 6 months. ○ No significant difference in self-reported week-long abstinence, progression along the Stages of Change continuum, or in smoking abstinence by 6 months†. ● CA group had a higher quit rate (p = .034), and were more advanced along the Stages of Change continuum (p = .035) at 12 months. ○ No significant difference in nicotine patch or gum use, or median number of quit attempts at 12 months†.
Resnicow et al. 2009 [63]	African Americans N = 560	Culturally Adapted (CA): Culturally tailored fruit & vegetable promotional materials. Standard (STD): Standard materials.	○ No significant difference in mean daily fruit/vegetable intake by 3 months (p = .13). ○ Groups were comparable in self-reported reading of most/all newsletters at 3 months†.
Sanders Thompson et al. 2010 [70]	African Americans N = 771	Culturally Adapted (CA): Culturally tailored colorectal cancer risk-reduction materials. Standard (STD): Standard materials.	○ No significant difference in affect, engagement, ease of understanding, cognitive processing, or intent to screen at 22 weeks†.
Shoptaw et al. 2005 [78]	Gay/Bisexuals (Men) N = 80v	Culturally Adapted (CA): Culturally tailored cognitive behavioral therapy. Standard (STD): Standard cognitive behavioral therapy.	○ No significant difference in program retention†. ○ CA group significantly reduced self-reported unsafe receptive anal intercourse during first 4 weeks of treatment. Differences between conditions were non-significant at 12 months†. ● CA group had significantly higher Treatment Effectiveness Scores for meth abstinence at end of treatment (p < .05). ○ No significant difference in percent of negative urine samples or reported days of past-month meth use†.
Skaer et al. 1996 [57]	Latinas (Low-income, Women) N = 80	Culturally Adapted (CA): Provision of voucher to redeem for one free mammogram. Standard (STD): No voucher provided.	● CA group was 47 times more likely to obtain a mammogram at follow-up, using logistic regression analysis (p = .0001).
Unger et al. 2013 [72]	Latinos N = 139	Culturally Adapted (CA): Illustrated fotonovela to increase depression knowledge and reduce stigma. Standard (STD): Standard depression pamphlet.	● CA group was significantly lower in antidepressant stigma (p < .05) and mental health care stigma (p = <.05) at post-testw. ● CA group was significantly higher in depression knowledge at post-test (p < .05). ○ No significant differences in self-efficacy to identify depression or willingness to seek help (p > .05) at post-test.
Wang et al. 2012a [48]; 2012b [49]	Asian Americans (Chinese) N = 442x	Culturally Adapted (CA): Culturally tailored, mailed mammography promotional video. Standard (STD): Standard mailed mammography promotional video.	○ Groups were comparable in increases in mammography from baseline (2012b)†. ○ No significant differences in intent to obtain mammogram at post-test (2012a)†. ○ No significant difference in cultural views of healthcare, knowledge, perceived risk, perceived benefits, or perceived barriers at post-test (2012a)†.
Webb, 2009 [75]	African Americans N = 261	Culturally Adapted (CA): Culturally targeted written materials for smoking cessation. Standard (STD): Standard materials.	● CA material was significantly more likely to capture attention, provide encouragement, and help in quitting†. ● STD material was seen as significantly more credible (p < .05). ○ No significant difference in booklet utilization (p = .09). ● CA group was significantly more satisfied with content (p = .03). ● STD group was 1.97 (95% CI [1.09, 3.55]) times more likely to make a quit attempt by follow-up (p = .03). ● STD group scored significantly higher on the Contemplation Ladder measure at follow-up (p = .01). ○ No significant difference in point prevalent abstinence or smoking reduction†.
Webb et al. 2010 [69]	African Americans N = 243	Culturally Adapted (CA): Culturally targeted written materials for smoking cessation and exercise. Standard (STD): Standard smoking and exercise materials.	● CA group was significantly higher in perception of personal risks of smoking at post-test (p = .02, η2 = 0.02). ● CA group was significantly higher in perception of culturally-specific risks of smoking at post-test (p = .04, η2 = 0.02). ● CA group was significantly higher in intentions to quit at post-test (p = .04, η2 = 0.02). ○ No significant difference in Contemplation Ladder scores at post-test†. ○ No significant difference in smoking knowledge at post-test†.

^a○ Denotes a non-significant outcome. ● Denotes a significant outcome as defined by the original authors’ criteria. ^†Denotes an outcome which is reported in the original document, but for which probability values were not provided

^b N’s represent the sample size analyzed in the final report. Note that interim reports may have analyzed data representing a different sample size from that of the final report, e.g., due to attrition

^cBody Mass Index

^dColorectal Cancer (CRC)

^eFecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT)

^fDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition Text Revision (DSM-IV TR)

^gNote: This number represents the sample size of the CA and STD groups only, omitting the TAU sample, which was not of central interest to this review

^hNote: This number represents the sample size of the CA and STD groups only, omitting the “culturally relevant tailoring” group, as neither BRT not CRT + BRT can serve as an adequate control to test this group

ⁱThis number represents the number of families participating, not the number of individuals

^jThis number represents the number of participants that were said to be randomized

^kDrinkers’ Inventory of Consequences (DrInC)

^lEyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI)

^mChild Behavior Checklist (CBCL)

ⁿEarly Childhood Inventory (ECI)

^oOppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)

^pConduct Disorder (CD)

^qAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

^rParenting Stress Index (PSI)

^sParental Locus of Control (PLOC)

^tTreatment As Usual (TAU)

^uThis number represents the sample size of the CA and STD groups only, omitting the TAU sample, which was not of central interest to this review

^vNote: This number represents the sample size of the CA and STD groups only, omitting the contingency management (CM) and CBT + CM groups, because neither group could serve as an adequate control for the CA group

^wOutcomes reported are from post-test, as the follow-up data was confounded when participants in either group exchanged reading materials after the post-test measure

^xNote: This number represents the sample size of the CA and STD groups only, omitting the fact-sheet sample, because this group cannot serve as an adequate control for the CA group