Table 3.
Exposure variables, covariates and outcome variables for the total study group, both overall and stratified by parents’ level of education
| Variables under study | No formal or only primary school education | Secondary | University | No formal or only primary school education | Secondary | University | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2011 | 2013 | |||||||||||
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |||||||
| Sleep duration (hours/day)* | 9.8 | 0.8 | 9.9 | 0.7 | 9.9 | 0.7 | 9.8 | 0.8 | 9.8 | 0.8 | 9.9 | 0.6 |
| Screen time (hours/day)* | 2.0 | 0.9 | 1.9 | 0.9 | 1.7 | 0.8 | 2.9 | 1.5 | 2.7 | 1.5 | 2.3 | 1.2 |
| Boys | 2.1 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 0.9 | 1.8 | 0.8 | 3.3 | 1.5 | 2.9 | 1.6 | 2.5 | 1.2 |
| Girls | 1.9 | 0.9 | 1.9 | 0.9 | 1.6 | 0.8 | 2.5 | 1.4 | 2.6 | 1.3 | 2.2 | 1.3 |
| Outdoor play time (hours/day)* | 1.6 | 0.7 | 1.5 | 0.7 | 1.4 | 0.6 | 2.1 | 0.8 | 1.9 | 0.8 | 1.7 | 0.6 |
| Have PC, TV, etc. in the room (%)* | 43.7 | 35.8 | 22.6 | 51.6 | 43.1 | 26.5 | ||||||
| Outcome variables - food consumption frequencies (days/week) | ||||||||||||
| Legumes* | 2.9 | 1.7 | 2.6 | 1.5 | 2.4 | 1.3 | 2.9 | 1.8 | 2.7 | 1.5 | 2.4 | 1.3 |
| 100% fruit juice | 2.9 | 2.4 | 2.9 | 2.4 | 2.9 | 2.5 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 2.5 | 2.4 |
| Whole-fat milk | 3.9 | 3.2 | 3.9 | 3.2 | 3.7 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 3.3 |
| Milkshakes* | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.0 | 2.2 | 1.7 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 1.7 | 2.0 |
| Cheese* | 2.8 | 2.2 | 3.0 | 2.2 | 3.1 | 2.2 | 2.5 | 2.0 | 2.8 | 2.1 | 3.0 | 2.1 |
| Yoghourt, or other dairy products | 4.7 | 2.2 | 4.7 | 2.2 | 4.7 | 2.2 | 4.7 | 2.2 | 4.6 | 2.3 | 4.7 | 2.3 |
| Meat | 3.5 | 1.9 | 3.6 | 1.8 | 3.8 | 1.8 | 3.5 | 1.9 | 3.5 | 1.9 | 3.8 | 1.8 |
| Fish | 2.6 | 1.6 | 2.6 | 1.4 | 2.7 | 1.5 | 2.7 | 1.6 | 2.6 | 1.5 | 2.8 | 1.5 |
| Potato chips and other salty snacks* | 2.0 | 1.3 | 1.9 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 2.1 | 1.3 | 1.9 | 1.1 | 1.7 | 1.1 |
| Candy bars or chocolate | 2.1 | 1.5 | 2.1 | 1.5 | 2.0 | 1.5 | 2.2 | 1.4 | 2.1 | 1.4 | 2.1 | 1.4 |
| Biscuits, cakes, etc. | 2.3 | 1.7 | 2.5 | 1.8 | 2.5 | 1.8 | 2.5 | 1.7 | 2.6 | 1.8 | 2.8 | 2.1 |
| Pizza, chips, hamburgers | 2.1 | 1.0 | 2.1 | 1.1 | 2.0 | 0.9 | 2.1 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 0.9 | 2.0 | 0.9 |
| Eggs | 2.2 | 1.3 | 2.4 | 1.4 | 2.3 | 1.3 | 2.1 | 1.0 | 2.3 | 1.1 | 2.3 | 1.2 |
| Cereals | 2.5 | 2.3 | 2.8 | 2.4 | 3.1 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 2.3 | 2.8 | 2.5 |
| White bread | 4.4 | 2.7 | 4.5 | 2.6 | 4.7 | 2.5 | 4.4 | 2.5 | 4.3 | 2.5 | 4.6 | 2.5 |
| Whole-grain bread | 0.8 | 1.7 | 0.8 | 1.8 | 0.9 | 1.8 | 0.7 | 1.7 | 0.8 | 1.7 | 1.0 | 1.8 |
| Pasta | 2.7 | 1.8 | 2.7 | 1.7 | 2.8 | 1.6 | 2.4 | 1.3 | 2.5 | 1.4 | 2.5 | 1.3 |
| Fresh fruit* | 3.9 | 2.4 | 4.5 | 2.4 | 5.3 | 2.2 | 4.1 | 2.4 | 4.6 | 2.3 | 5.3 | 2.2 |
| Vegetables (excluding potatoes)* | 2.8 | 1.9 | 3.2 | 2.0 | 3.8 | 2.1 | 2.8 | 2.0 | 3.5 | 2.1 | 4.0 | 2.1 |
| Soft drinks containing sugar* | 1.8 | 2.2 | 1.4 | 1.9 | 1.1 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 2.9 | 1.2 | 1.7 | 0.8 | 1.3 |
| Diet/light soft drinks* | 0.9 | 1.9 | 0.8 | 1.8 | 0.6 | 1.5 | 0.7 | 1.6 | 0.6 | 1.4 | 0.5 | 1.2 |
* p < 0.05 for mean differences between educational level groups