Table 1.

Sex Differences in Specific Immune Cells

Cell Type	Identified Sex Differences	Reference
Microglia	Female mouse microglia had higher expression of IL-4 and IL-10 receptors and increased production of IL-4, after IL-10 treatment; Males show higher Iba1, a microglia/macrophage-specific calcium-binding protein, in the proximity of the wound; Local microglia express arginase-1 and Neuroglobin, in a greater proportion in males than in females;	(Ginhoux et al. 2010)
Macrophages	Sex differences in gene expression in macrophages grown from the bone marrow of male and female chickens after LPS stimulation;	(Mantovani et al. 2005)
Mast Cells	xenoestrogens can induce mast cell degranulation, and its effects are additive with other xenoestrogens or estrogens; Presence of sex-related differences in the cardiotoxic effects elicited by doxorubicin and identified variations in the level of cardiac mast cells activity;	(Lindsberg et al. 2010), (Strbian et al. 2006)
Monocytes	Female mice show reduced circulating neutrophilia and monocytosis vs. males, despite similar mobilization from BM stores following zymosan-induced peritonitis;	(Felger et al. 2010)
Dendritic Cells	Males show higher % dendritic cells in intestinal Peyer's patches and spleen; In female HIV patients, dendritic cells produced larger interferon when TLR7 activated; DCs from hypertensive male mice have increased surface expression of the B7 ligands CD80 and CD86;	(Felger et al. 2010), (Vinh et al. 2010)
Neutrophils	Little conclusive data on sex-differences was found;	(Yilmaz and Granger 2010)
B Cells	B cell antibody responses to vaccines were consistently higher or equivalent in girls compared with boys when vaccinated for diphtheria toxoid, capsular group A, W, and Y meningococcal, and pneumococcal vaccines;
Helper T Cells	Males show lower % T cells in intestinal Peyer's patches and spleen;	(Wan 2010), ***
Cytotoxic T Cells	T-cell population’s origin of sex determines effect in hypertension;	***
Regulatory T Cells	Females may selectively up-regulate.	***
NKT Cells	Relatively little is known about sex differences.	***
NK Cells	Males have less NK cells in spleen but more in intestinal Peyer's patches than females; Elderly women have more robust natural killer lymphocytes than do elderly men;	(Biron et al. 1999), ***
γδT cells	Relatively little is known about sex differences.	(Bonneville et al. 2010)

^***(Crislip and Sullivan 2016); abbreviations: IL (interleukin); NK (natural killer); NKT (natural killer T); Iba1 (ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1); HIV (human immunodeficiency virus); TLR (toll-like receptor);