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. 2016 Nov 2;187(2):193–203. doi: 10.1111/cei.12878

Table 3.

Reported changes in peripheral blood (PB) immune cell subsets in different stages of multiple sclerosis (MS) in comparison to healthy controls

CD4+ Th cells CD4+ Treg Tf cells CD8+ T cells B cells
CIS ↑ Th17 (% CD4) 16
↑ (↑↑ in active disease) CD146+ (% CD4) 30 		No significant differences reported in the cited literature ↔ Tfh (% CD4)
↓ Tfr (% Treg) 52 		↓ EM/RA (% PBMC) 56
↔ Tc17 (% CD8) 72
↔ FoxP3+ (% CD8) 61 		↓ CD27+ (% B cells) in active disease 80
RRMS ↑ Th17 (% CD4) 17
↔ Th17 (% memory CD4) 6, 18
↑ CD146+ (% CD4) 30
↑ GM‐CSF+ (% CD4) 20 		↓ CD39+ (% Treg) 44
↓ CD39+ (% PBMC) 45
↓ memory Treg (% CD4) 35
↓ FoxP3 MFI 39, 40 		↔ Tfh (% CD4) 52
↑ Tfh (number) 55
↑ ICOS+ (% Tfh) 7
↓ Tfh1 (% Tfh) 7
↓ Tfr (% Treg) 52
↑ Tfr17 (% Treg) 52 		↓ EM/RA (% PBMC) 56
↑ Tc17/IFN‐γ+ Tc17 (% CD8) 70
↑ MAIT (% CD8) 65
↓ MAIT (% memory CD8 67 and αβT cells 66)
↑ GM‐CSF+ (% CD8) 20 		↔ B cells (% PBMC) 80
↔ core subsets (% B cells) 80, 81
↓ IL‐10+ (% B cells) 77
RRMS ‐ active ↑↑ Th17 and Th17.1 (% memory CD4) 6, 18
↑↑ CD146+ (% CD4) 30 		↓ CD39+ (% Treg) 44
↓ memory Treg (% CD4) 35
↓ FoxP3 MFI 39, 40 		↑↑ number of Tfh and ICOS+ Tfh 55 ↓ EM/RA (% PBMC) 56
↑ Tc17 70, 71/IFN‐γ+ Tc17 (% CD8) 70
↓ FoxP3+ (% CD8) and FoxP3 MFI 61
↓↓ MAIT (% αβT cells) 66 		↓ CD27+ (% B cells) 80, 82
↓ CCR5+ (% total, CD27+ and CD27– B cells) 82
↓ IL‐10+ (% B cells) 77
SPMS and PPMS ↑ Th17 (% CD4) 7
↑ CD146+ (% CD4) 30 		No significant differences reported in the cited literature ↑ Tfh17 (% Tfh) 7
↓ Tfr (% Treg) 52 		↓ EM/RA (% PBMC) 56 No significant differences reported in the cited literature

CIS = clinically isolated syndrome; RRMS = relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (MS); SPMS = secondary progressive MS; PPMS = primary progressive MS; Treg = regulatory T cell; Tfh = follicular T helper; EM/RA = effector memory re‐expressing RA T cell; ICOS = inducible T cell co‐stimulator; MAIT = mucosal‐associated invariant T; PBMC = peripheral blood mononuclear cells; GM‐CSF = granulocyte–macrophage colony‐stimulatory factor; FoxP3 = forkhead box protein 3; MFI = mean fluorescence intensity; IFN = interferon; Th = T helper.