Table 1. Study population characteristics.
| Characteristics | HIV (-) n = 145 | HIV (+)n = 368 | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 56.5 ± 6.4 | 53.8 ± 5.9 | 0.0001 |
| Race | 0.01 | ||
| White | 69.7% | 58.7% | |
| Black | 28.9% | 34.8% | |
| Other | 1.4% | 6.5% | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.7 ± 4.0 | 26.2 ± 4.6 | 0.15 |
| HOMA-IR (mmol/L x uU/mL) | 3.6 ± 2 | 4.7 ± 4.3 | 0.03 |
| Lipid lowering medication | 35% | 39% | 0.4 |
| GFR (ml/min/1.73m2) | 90 ± 18 | 88 ± 24 | 0.2 |
| History of malignancy | 8% | 14% | 0.05 |
| Diabetes Mellitus† | 12% | 19% | 0.12 |
| Chronic Hepatitis C Infection | 6% | 13% | 0.02 |
| Cumulative pack-year smoking | 12 ± 18 | 15 ± 19 | 0.03 |
| Alcohol consumption* | 0.02 | ||
| None | 14% | 24% | |
| Low to moderate | 63% | 60% | |
| Moderate to heavy | 17% | 11% | |
| Binge | 6% | 5% | |
| Use of opiate since last visit | 2.2% | 1.2% | 0.4 |
| Limitation in physical activity | 0.4 | ||
| None | 54% | 48% | |
| Limited a little | 30% | 33% | |
| Limited a lot | 16% | 19% | |
| CD4+ cell count (cells/mm3)# | 607 (417; 799) | ||
| Nadir CD4+ cell count (cells/mm3) # | 277 (156; 395) | ||
| HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/ml (%) | 83% | ||
| Percent of individuals on HAART | 89% | ||
| Median duration of ART (years)# | 9.7 (6.9; 12.5) | ||
| Thigh muscle CSA (cm2) | 140 ± 25 | 145 ± 26 | 0.09 |
| Thigh muscle attenuation (HU) | 52.1 ± 4 | 51.1 ± 3.9 | 0.002 |
| Grip strength (kg) | 35 ± 9 | 36 ± 9 | 0.46 |
| VAT (cm2) | 151 ± 89 | 169 ± 100 | 0.07 |
| Abdominal SAT (cm2) | 243 ± 113 | 203 ± 127 | 0.0001 |
| Thigh SAT (cm2) | 53 ± 27 | 33 ± 30 | 0.0001 |
Mean ± SD
#Median (Q1, Q3); BMI–Body mass index; HOMA-IR–homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; GFR–estimated glomerular filtration rate
†Diabetes Mellitus: self-reported DM plus the use of diabetes medication OR fasting glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL OR hemoglobin A1c ≥ 6.5%
*Alcohol consumption Low to moderate: 1–2 drinks/day or 3–4 drinks/day for no more than once a month, Moderate to heavy: 3–4 drinks/day for more than once a month or ≥5 drinks/day for less than once a month, Binge: ≥5 drinks/day for at least once a month; CSA–Cross sectional area; VAT–visceral adipose tissue; SAT–subcutaneous adipose tissue