Table 2. General linear mixed model analysis results.
| Effect (Comparison Group) | βˆ(SE) | F (df) | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| WOMAC Pain Scale* | |||
| Race (White) | -0.51 (0.11) | 20.00 (1,46) | <.001 |
| Gender (Female) | 0.13 (0.11) | 1.45 (1,48) | 0.235 |
| Education (HS or less) | 0.26 (0.13) | 4.34 (1,18) | 0.052 |
| Age | -0.01 (.01) | 0.59 (1,46) | 0.446 |
| BMI | 0.03 (.01) | 7.94 (1,46) | 0.007 |
| GCPS Pain Scale | |||
| Race (White) | -5.53 (5.67) | 13.50 (1,45) | <.001 |
| Gender (Female) | 12.60 (4.74) | 1.81 (1,48) | 0.185 |
| Education (HS or less) | 3.45 (4.02) | 0.74 (1,18) | 0.402 |
| Age | -0.20 (0.22) | 0.84 (1,45) | 0.364 |
| BMI | 0.81 (0.34) | 5.69 (1,45) | 0.021 |
| Race*Gender | -16.30 (6.72) | 5.89 (1,45) | 0.019 |
| Race|Female | N/A | 26.20 (1,45) | <.001 |
| Race|Male | N/A | 0.95 (1,45) | 0.335 |
| GCPS Disability Scale | |||
| Race (White) | -12.20 (4.71) | 6.70 (1,46) | 0.013 |
| Gender (Female) | 6.75 (4.38) | 2.37 (1,48) | 0.130 |
| Education (HS or less) | 6.54 (5.20) | 1.58 (1,18) | 0.225 |
| Age | -0.19 (0.28) | 0.44 (1,46) | 0.509 |
| BMI | 0.58 (0.45) | 1.70 (1,46) | 0.199 |
| Heat Pain Threshold | |||
| Race (White) | 5.08 (0.66) | 58.80 (1,48) | <.001 |
| Gender (Female) | -1.50 (0.52) | 8.39 (1,48) | 0.006 |
| Education (HS or less) | 0.16 (0.64) | 0.06 (1,48) | 0.804 |
| Age | -0.001 (0.03) | 0.08 (1,48) | 0.785 |
| BMI | 0.01 (0.05) | 0.01 (1,48) | 0.925 |
| Location (Forearm) | -0.54 (0.26) | 4.38 (1,48) | 0.042 |
| Heat Pain Tolerance | |||
| Race (White) | 4.49 (0.63) | 78.70 (1,48) | <.001 |
| Gender (Female) | -1.85 (0.50) | 13.80 (1,48) | <.001 |
| Education (HS or less) | 0.14 (0.56) | 0.06 (1,48) | 0.804 |
| Age | -0.02 (0.03) | 0.38 (1,48) | 0.540 |
| BMI | 0.02 (0.05) | 0.29 (1,48) | 0.593 |
| Location (Forearm) | -1.03 (0.31) | 7.04 (1,48) | 0.011 |
| Race*Location | 0.99 (0.32) | 9.95 (1,48) | 0.003 |
| Race|Forearm | N/A | 84.50 (1,48) | <.001 |
| Race|Knee | N/A | 63.70 (1,48) | <.001 |
| Mean Pulse Pain | |||
| Race (White) | -40.60 (4.70) | 61.10 (1,48) | <.001 |
| Gender (Female) | 6.23 (3.48) | 3.96 (1,48) | 0.052 |
| Education (HS or less) | -5.86 (3.92) | 2.24 (1,48) | 0.141 |
| Age | -0.12 (0.22) | 0.27 (1,48) | 0.607 |
| BMI | 0.23 (0.32) | 0.51 (1,48) | 0.478 |
| Location (Forearm) | -2.05 (1.12) | 7.76 (1,48) | 0.008 |
| Temperature | 83.50 (2,48) | <.001 | |
| (44 Celsius) | -17.24 (1.39) | ||
| (46 Celsius) | -9.88 (0.85) | ||
| Race*Location | 8.08 (1.66) | 23.60 (1,48) | <.001 |
| Race|Forearm | N/A | 45.80 (1,48) | <.001 |
| Race|Knee | N/A | 74.70 (1,48) | <.001 |
| Temporal Summation Heat Pain† | |||
| Race (White) | -0.24 (0.20) | 7.72 (1,48) | 0.008 |
| Gender (Female) | 0.14 (0.13) | 1.18 (1,48) | 0.283 |
| Education (HS or less) | 0.16 (0.15) | 1.13 (1,48) | 0.292 |
| Age | -0.02 (0.01) | 3.57 (1,48) | 0.065 |
| BMI | 0.02 (0.01) | 3.51 (1,48) | 0.067 |
| Location (Forearm) | 0.06 (0.05) | 1.06 (1,48) | 0.309 |
| Temperature | 23.70 (2,48) | <.001 | |
| (44 Celsius) | -0.40 (0.13) | ||
| (46 Celsius) | -0.24 (0.09) | ||
| Race*Temperature | 4.19 (2,48) | 0.021 | |
| White, 44 Celsius | -0.45 (0.16) | ||
| White, 46 Celsius | -0.31 (0.13) | ||
| Race|44 Celsius | N/A | 12.80 (1,48) | <.001 |
| Race|46 Celsius | N/A | 7.96 (1,48) | 0.007 |
| Race|48 Celsius | N/A | 1.43 (1,48) | 0.238 |
| Pressure Pain Threshold* | |||
| Race (White) | 1.92 (0.56) | 13.10 (1,48) | <.001 |
| Gender (Female) | -0.38 (0.09) | 15.30 (1,48) | <.001 |
| Education (HS or less) | -0.03 (0.11) | 0.10 (1,48) | 0.750 |
| Age | -0.0003 (0.01) | 0.00 (1,48) | 0.966 |
| BMI | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.34 (1,48) | 0.564 |
| Location | 17.80 (4,48) | <.001 | |
| (Forearm) | |||
| (Medial Knee) | 0.14-.20 (0.07) (0.06) | ||
| (Lateral Knee) | 0.25 (0.07) | ||
| (Quadriceps) | 0.13 (0.07) | ||
| Race*Location | 8.80 (4,48) | <.001 | |
| (White, Forearm) | 0.12 (0.09) | ||
| (White, Medial Knee) | 0.09 (0.09) | ||
| (White, Lateral Knee) | -0.09 (0.09) | ||
| (White Quadriceps) | 0.33 (0.09) | ||
| Race|Forearm | N/A | 44.80 (1,48) | <.001 |
| Race|Medial Knee | N/A | 42.30 (1,48) | <.001 |
| Race|Lateral Knee | N/A | 19.90 (1,48) | <.001 |
| Race|Quadriceps | N/A | 50.90 (1,48) | <.001 |
| Race|Trapezius | N/A | 26.60 (1,48) | <.001 |
| Race*BMI | 5.21 (1,48) | 0.027 | |
| (White) | -0.05 (0.02) | ||
| Temporal Summation Punctate Pain* | |||
| Race (White) | -0.68 (0.10) | 43.60 (1, 48) | <.001 |
| Gender (Female) | 0.32 (0.11) | 8.55 (1, 48) | 0.005 |
| Education (HS or less) | 0.23 (0.12) | 3.64 (1, 18) | 0.062 |
| Age | 0.01 (0.01) | 3.90 (1, 48) | 0.054 |
| BMI | -0.01 (0.01) | 0.22 (1, 48) | 0.638 |
| Location (Forearm) | -0.21 (0.05) | 20.90 (1, 48) | <.001 |
Note.
*
Natural log transformed scale.
†
-0.2 power transformed scale. WOMAC: Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index. GCPS: Graded Chronic Pain Scale. Average Model Adjusted R2: Natural Log WOMAC Pain Scale (.151), GCPS Pain Scale (.179), GCPS Disability Scale (.031), Heat Pain Threshold (.406), Heat Pain Tolerance (.483), Mean Pulse Pain (.444), -0.2 Power Temporal Summation Heat Pain (.110), Natural Log Pressure Pain Threshold (.110), Natural Log Temporal Summation Punctate Pain (.333).