Table 3. Model-estimated (least squares) means and standard errors by racial groups.

Variable	Non-Hispanic White	Asian American
WOMAC Pain	1.67 (0.08)^*	2.17 (0.09)^*
	5.12 (0.54)^**	8.34 (0.58)^**
GCPS Pain
Female	37.21 (3.08)	59.06 (3.16)
Male	40.89 (3.88)	46.42 (4.19)
GCPS Disability	29.73 (3.38)	41.92 (3.63)
Heat Pain Threshold	43.38 (0.39)	38.29 (0.52)
Heat Pain Tolerance
Forearm	47.63 (0.36)	41.65 (0.63)
Knee	47.66 (0.33)	42.67 (0.54)
Mean Pulse Pain
Forearm	29.46 (2.98)	61.98 (3.54)
Knee	23.42 (2.79)	64.02 (3.80)
Temporal Summation Heat Pain
44 Celsius	0.44 (0.11)^†	1.13 (0.16)^†
	2.70 (1.18)^**	14.19 (2.59)^**
46 Celsius	0.74 (0.11)^†	1.28 (0.16)^†
	3.99 (1.56)^**	14.79 (2.33)^**
48 Celsius	1.29 (0.11)^†	1.53 (0.16)^†
	8.77 (1.83)^**	17.49 (2.59)^**
Pressure Pain Threshold
Forearm	5.59 (0.09)^*	4.86 (0.10)^*
	303.48 (23.44)^**	158.14 (16.43)^**
Medial knee	5.89 (0.08)^*	5.19 (0.09)^*
	389.92 (23.14)^**	206.71 (17.43)^**
Lateral knee	5.83 (0.09)^*	5.30 (0.09)^*
	386.11 (24.85)^**	229.36 (17.71)^**
Quadriceps	6.13 (0.10)^*	5.19 (0.10)^*
	507.87 (35.62)^**	217.16 (20.57)^**
Trapezius	5.67 (0.09)^*	5.05 (0.10)^*
	322.94 (24.74)^**	188.61 (18.24)^**
Temporal Summation Punctate Pain	2.53 (0.08)^*	3.21 (0.08)^*
	7.67 (1.49)^**	20.61 (2.11)^**

Note.

Natural log transformed scale.

^**

Non-transformed raw scale.

^†

-0.2 power transformed scale. WOMAC: Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index. GCPS: Graded Chronic Pain Scale.