Table 2. Adjusted outcome data comparing all orthopedic patients (n = 416) with diabetes versus patients without diabetes.

Hospital Outcomes*#	IRR/OR^ (95% CI)	¶p-value
Length of Stay (days, IRR)	0.92 (0.79–1.07)	0.280
ICU Admission (OR)	1.04 (0.42–2.60)	0.934
6-Month Mortality (OR)	0.52 (0.17–1.60)	0.252
6-Month Readmission (OR)	0.93 (0.46–1.87)	0.828
Post-operative Inpatient Complications*#	IRR/OR^ (95% CI)	¶p-value
Any Complication (OR)	0.98 (0.53–1.80)	0.944
Acute Renal Failure (OR)	2.06 (0.58–7.32)	0.266
Infection (OR)	0.84 (0.34–2.10)	0.711
Venous Thromboembolism (OR)	N/A	N/A
Delirium (OR)	1.34 (0.45–3.99)	0.602
Anemia (OR)	1.36 (0.70–2.61)	0.364

* Adjusted for age, gender, Charlson comorbidity score^# and CKD-EPI eGFR, with joint type treated as a random effect.

^¶ p-values were determined by Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables and Wilcoxon rank-sum test.

# Charlson comorbidity score = a validated method of weighting chronic medical conditions (the score for diabetes was excluded as diabetes is included as a separate variable)

^ IRR/OR derived by comparison between patients with diabetes (known and unrecognized) and patients without diabetes (reference category).

Abbreviations: ICU = intensive care unit, IRR = incidence rate ratio (applicable to continuous variables), OR = odds ratio (applicable to categorical variables).