Table 1. Characteristics of the study population.
| Baseline | 1 year | 5 years | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 401 | – | – |
| Men (%) | 227, 56.6% | – | – |
| Age (years) | 61.4±6.6 | 62.5±6.6 | 66.6±6.7 |
| Height (m) | 168.0±9.4 | 167.7±9.4 | 167.1±9.5 |
| Weight (kg) | 93.1±17.4 | 90.0±17.4 | 89.7±18.1 |
| Waist (cm) | 110.4±13.2 | 107.6±12.9 | 107.0±13.6 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 141.5±20.1 | 135.2±19.1 | 134.6±16.5 |
| HDL (mmol/l) | 1.20±0.32 | 1.23±0.33 | 1.30±0.33 |
| TG (mmol/l) | 1.7 (1.2, 2.4) | 1.6 (1.1, 2.3) | 1.6 (1.2, 2.3) |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.7 (6.2, 7.3) | 6.3 (5.9, 6.7) | 6.8 (6.4, 7.4) |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 49.7 (44.3, 56.3) | 45.4 (41.0, 49.7) | 50.8 (46.5, 57.4) |
| CCMR | −0.04±0.51 | −0.3±0.5 | −0.3±0.5 |
| Glucose-lowering drugs (n %) | 1, 0.2% | 123, 30.7% | 242, 60.3% |
| Blood-pressure-lowering drugs (n %) | 288, 71.8% | 324, 80.8% | 329, 82.0% |
| Lipid-lowering drugs (n %) | 117, 29.2% | 298, 74.3% | 339, 84.5% |
| Smoking (n %) | |||
| Current | 53, 13.2 | 50, 12.4 | 45, 11.2 |
| Ex | 198, 49.4 | 201, 50.1 | 200, 49.9 |
| Never | 150, 37.4 | 150, 37.4 | 156, 38.9 |
| Alcohol (g/day) | 4.68 (0.51, 11.33) | 4.66 (0.00, 10.07) | 1.55 (0.00, 9.10) |
| Energy intake (kcal/day) | 1918.4±617.6 | 1681.6±528.7 | 1653.1±538.8 |
| MVPA (mins/day) | 72.1 (30.0, 146.3) | 81.4 (31.6, 159.9) | 74.4 (29.1, 148.7) |
| Occupational social class | – | – | |
| Managerial and professional | 144, 35.9% | ||
| Intermediate | 93, 23.2% | ||
| Routine and manual | 164, 40.9% | ||
| Plasma vitamin C (μmol/l), n=277 | 55.0 (39.0, 68.7) | 56.7 (40.6, 72.2) | 58.0 (39.9, 70.9) |
| Variety (number per week) | |||
| F&V | 23.3±6.2 | 24.1±5.9 | 23.3±6.0 |
| Fruit | 6.7±2.6 | 7.0±2.4 | 6.6±2.5 |
| Vegetable | 16.6±4.5 | 17.1±4.2 | 16.7±4.3 |
| Quantity (g/day) | |||
| F&V | 489.5 (336.2, 690.6) | 555.1 (412.1, 746.7) | 495.8 (365.7, 662.5) |
| Fruit | 216.7 (110.9, 362.9) | 259.0 (163.8, 399.7) | 223.7 (112.1, 361.9) |
| Vegetable | 262.5 (187.4, 340.2) | 283.5 (201.9, 367.1) | 264.0 (189.3, 350.8) |
Abbreviations: CCMR, clustered cardiometabolic risk scores; F&V, fruits and vegetables; HbA1c, haemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; IQR, interquartile range; MVPA, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TG, triglycerides. Values are presented as mean±s.d., n, % and median (IQR) – denotes that the values are the same as baseline.