Table 2. Associations between changes in quantity of F&V intake and changes in plasma vitamin C (per s.d.) with cardiometabolic risk factors at the relevant follow-up time point, presented as regression coefficients (and 95% confidence intervals) per 1 s.d. increase in the exposure, estimated from linear mixed models.
|
Baseline to 1 year |
1–5 years |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |
| Waist (cm) | ||||
| Plasma vitamin C | −0.66 (−1.51, 0.20) | −0.62 (−1.31, 0.08) | −0.31 (−1.13, 0.52) | −0.50 (−1.25, 0.25) |
| Quantity of F&V | −0.59 (−1.32, 0.13) | −0.92 (−1.57, −0.27) | 0.12 (−0.60, 0.85) | −0.09 (−0.78, 0.60) |
| Quantity of fruit | −0.69 (−1.45, 0.07) | −0.89 (−1.56, −0.23) | 0.17 (−0.59, 0.93) | −0.28 (−0.96, 0.40) |
| Quantity of vegetable | −0.18 (−0.88, 0.53) | −0.48 (−1.13, 0.16) | 0.06 (−0.64, 0.77) | 0.23 (−0.47, 0.93) |
| SBP (mm Hg) | ||||
| Plasma vitamin C | −1.27 (−2.98, 0.44) | −1.36 (−3.09, 0.37) | −0.37 (−2.21, 1.47) | −0.99 (−2.86, 0.88) |
| Quantity of F&V | −0.64 (−2.24, 0.95) | −0.73 (−2.36, 0.90) | 0.38 (−1.21, 1.97) | 0.31 (−1.43, 2.05) |
| Quantity of fruit | −0.26 (−1.87, 1.34) | 0.44 (−1.23, 2.10) | 0.70 (−0.90, 2.30) | 0.89 (−0.81, 2.59) |
| Quantity of vegetable | −0.90 (−2.49, 0.68) | −1.89 (−3.48, −0.29) | −0.23 (−1.81, 1.35) | −0.62 (−2.36, 1.11) |
| HbA1c(%) | ||||
| Plasma vitamin C | −0.00 (−0.09, 0.08) | 0.01 (−0.08, 0.10) | −0.04 (−0.14, 0.05) | −0.08 (−0.18, 0.01) |
| Quantity of F&V | −0.11 (−0.19, −0.03) | −0.11 (−0.20, −0.03) | 0.01 (−0.07, 0.09) | −0.01 (−0.08, 0.10) |
| Quantity of fruit | −0.11 (−0.19, −0.03) | −0.12 (−0.20, −0.03) | 0.01 (−0.07, 0.09) | 0.01 (−0.10, 0.07) |
| Quantity of vegetable | −0.05 (−0.13, 0.03) | −0.05 (−0.13, 0.03) | 0.01 (−0.07, 0.09) | 0.04 (−0.05, 0.12) |
| TG (mmol/l) | ||||
| Plasma vitamin C | 0.01 (−0.08, 0.10) | −0.01 (−0.10, 0.08) | −0.08 (−0.18, 0.01) | −0.11 (−0.21, −0.01) |
| Quantity of F&V | 0.01 (−0.09, 0.08) | −0.05 (−0.14, 0.03) | −0.07 (−0.15, 0.02) | −0.09 (−0.18, 0.00) |
| Quantity of fruit | −0.05 (−0.14, 0.03) | −0.08 (−0.17, 0.00) | −0.06 (−0.15, 0.02) | −0.10 (−0.19, −0.01) |
| Quantity of vegetable | 0.07 (−0.01, 0.15) | 0.03 (−0.06, 0.11) | −0.03 (−0.12, 0.05) | −0.03 (−0.12, 0.06) |
| HDL-c (mmol/l) | ||||
| Plasma vitamin C | 0.00 (−0.02, 0.03) | 0.02 (−0.01, 0.04) | 0.03 (0.00, 0.05) | 0.04 (0.01, 0.06) |
| Quantity of F&V | −0.01 (−0.03, 0.01) | −0.01 (−0.03, 0.01) | 0.03 (0.01, 0.06) | 0.04 (0.01, 0.06) |
| Quantity of fruits | 0.00 (−0.03, 0.02) | −0.00 (−0.02, 0.02) | 0.03 (0.00, 0.05) | 0.03 (0.01, 0.05) |
| Quantity of vegetables | −0.02 (−0.04, 0.00) | −0.01 (−0.03, 0.01) | 0.02 (0.00, 0.05) | 0.02 (0.00, 0.05) |
| CCMR | ||||
| Plasma vitamin C | −0.02 (−0.07, 0.02) | −0.04 (−0.08, 0.00) | −0.05 (−0.09, 0.00) | −0.07 (−0.12, −0.03) |
| Quantity of F&V | −0.03 (−0.07, 0.01) | −0.04 (−0.08, −0.01) | −0.02 (−0.06, 0.01) | −0.03 (−0.07, 0.01) |
| Quantity of fruit | −0.04 (−0.08, 0.00) | −0.04 (−0.08,−0.01) | −0.01 (−0.05, 0.03) | −0.04 (−0.08, 0.00) |
| Quantity of vegetable | 0.01 (−0.03, 0.05) | −0.02 (−0.06, 0.02) | −0.02 (−0.06, 0.02) | −0.01 (−0.05, 0.03) |
Abbreviations: CCMR, clustered cardiometabolic risk score; F&V, fruits and vegetables; HbA1c, haemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TG, triglycerides. Model 1: adjusted for age and sex.
Model 2: model 1+intervention group, occupational socio-economic status, baseline and follow-up smoking status, physical activity, alcohol intake, total energy intake (except plasma vitamin C), blood pressure-lowering (for SBP and CCMR), glucose-lowering medication (for HbA1c and CCMR) and lipid-lowering medication (for TG, HDL-c and CCMR) and change in variety of intake (except plasma vitamin C). Between baseline and 1 year, one s.d. plasma vitamin C=23.40 μmol/l; quantity F&V=249.91 g; quantity of fruit=191.61 g; quantity of vegetable=151.28 g. Between 1 and 5 years, one s.d. plasma vitamin C=22.54 μmol/l; quantity of F&V=270.05 g; quantity of fruit=196.66 g; quantity of vegetables=131.54 g.