Table 1.
Comparison of characteristics as a function of having recurrent depressive symptoms (DepS) in the 4246 Whitehall II participants
| Recurrence of DepS over the 5-year of follow-up | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics
of participants at baseline |
Whole Sample (n=4246) | Men (n=3178) | Women (n=1068) | |||||||
| No n=3981 |
Yes n=265 |
No n=3012 |
Yes n=166 |
No n=969 |
Yes n=99 |
|||||
| % or m±SD |
% or m±SD |
P | % or m±SD |
% or m±SD |
P | % or m±SD |
% or m±SD |
P | ||
| Sociodemographic factors | ||||||||||
| Sex | Men | 75.7 | 62.6 | <.001 | / | / | / | / | ||
| Women | 24.3 | 37.4 | / | / | / | / | ||||
| Age (y) | 61.0±5.9 | 60.1±5.9 | 0.02 | 61.0±5.9 | 59.7±5.7 | 0.01 | 61.0±5.9 | 60.8±6.2 | 0.75 | |
| Ethnicity | White | 95.6 | 86.8 | <.001 | 96.5 | 88.0 | <.001 | 93.1 | 84.9 | <.001 |
| South Asian | 3.1 | 12.6 | 2.9 | 11.5 | 3.8 | 14.1 | ||||
| Black | 1.2 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 3.1 | 1.0 | ||||
| SES | Low | 7.4 | 15.1 | <.001 | 2.3 | 6.6 | <.001 | 23.2 | 29.3 | 0.02 |
| Inverse ok | Medium | 40.9 | 50.2 | 38.2 | 46.4 | 49.4 | 56.6 | |||
| High | 51.7 | 34.7 | 59.5 | 47.0 | 27.4 | 14.1 | ||||
| Marital Status |
Married | 78.7 | 64.9 | <.001 | 84.6 | 74.7 | 0.001 | 60.4 | 48.5 | 0.02 |
| Living alone | 21.3 | 35.1 | 15.4 | 25.3 | 39.6 | 51.5 | ||||
| Health behavior factors | ||||||||||
| Smoking habits |
Never | 50.2 | 50.9 | 0.01 | 48.2 | 46.4 | 0.02 | 56.4 | 58.6 | 0.51 |
| Ex | 43.1 | 37.7 | 45.7 | 42.2 | 35.1 | 30.3 | ||||
| Current | 6.7 | 11.3 | 6.1 | 11.5 | 8.6 | 11.1 | ||||
| Alcohol Intake |
No | 13.4 | 21.9 | 0.001 | 9.8 | 13.3 | 0.20 | 24.6 | 36.4 | 0.03 |
| Moderate | 63.6 | 56.2 | 65.8 | 59.6 | 56.7 | 50.5 | ||||
| Heavy drinker | 23.0 | 21.9 | 24.3 | 27.1 | 18.8 | 13.1 | ||||
| Physical activity |
Inactive | 22.3 | 34.3 | <.001 | 20.8 | 31.9 | <.001 | 26.9 | 38.4 | 0.02 |
| Mod. Active | 16.0 | 23.4 | 14.6 | 24.1 | 20.3 | 22.2 | ||||
| Active | 61.7 | 42.3 | 64.6 | 44.0 | 52.7 | 39.4 | ||||
| Total energy intake (kcal/d) | 2191±636 | 2253±772 | 0.21 | 2255±636 | 2337±787 | 0.19 | 1994±596 | 2112±729 | 0.12 | |
| Health status factors | ||||||||||
| Type 2 diabetes | 8.4 | 10.6 | 0.23 | 8.2 | 11.5 | 0.14 | 9.3 | 9.1 | 0.95 | |
| Central obesity | 27.4 | 35.5 | 0.005 | 22.1 | 28.3 | 0.06 | 44.0 | 47.5 | 0.50 | |
| Cardiovascular Diseases | 8.0 | 12.5 | 0.01 | 8.7 | 11.5 | 0.23 | 5.8 | 14.1 | 0.001 | |
| Hypertension | 35.9 | 37.4 | 0.63 | 35.8 | 38.0 | 0.57 | 36.3 | 36.4 | 0.99 | |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.6±0.4 | 1.6±0.4 | 0.37 | 1.5±0.4 | 1.5±0.4 | 0.31 | 1.9±0.5 | 1.7±0.5 | 0.01 | |
| Use of lipid-lowering drugs | 11.0 | 13.2 | 0.26 | 11.6 | 14.5 | 0.26 | 9.2 | 11.1 | 0.53 | |
| Cognitive impairment | 11.5 | 19.3 | <.001 | 11.1 | 18.7 | 0.003 | 12.7 | 20.2 | 0.04 | |
| Exposure | ||||||||||
| Dietary Inflammatory
Index (points) |
−0.03±1.3 | 0.12±1.5 | 0.12 | −0.03±1.3 | −0.02±1.5 | 0.92 | −0.04±1.4 | 0.33±1.5 | 0.01 | |