(a) Total lung resistance (RL), (b) elastances (EL), and (c) impedance magnitude (|ZL|) as functions of tracheal pressure. Trajectories are color coded (shaded) to denote the percentage of recruited lung as a function of tracheal pressure. Vertical dashed /dotted lines denote ‘optimal’ tracheal pressures, according to the pressure for which RL, EL, or |ZL| is minimized.