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Signaling pathways that respond to 5′ modified RNA. (a) RLRs and IFIT family proteins recognize 5′ modified dsRNA and ssRNA, respectively. Chemical structure of 5′ modifications, (b) 5′OH, (c) 5′ppp, (d) 5′ cap0, (e) 5′ cap1, and (f) 5′ cap2.
