Table 3.

Associations between childhood sleep problems and BPD symptoms at 11 to 12 years (unadjusted and adjusted)

	Model A	Model B	Model C
	OR (95 % CI)	OR (95 % CI)	OR (95 % CI)
Nightmares	(n = 5544)	(n = 4625)	(n = 4485)
None	[Reference]	[Reference]	[Reference]
1 time point	1.23 (0.89–1.70)	1.28 (0.86–1.91)	1.27 (0.84–1.93)
2 time points	1.28 (0.91–1.79)	1.21 (0.79–1.84)	1.22 (0.79–1.89)
3 + time points	1.67 (1.26–2.20)	1.56 (1.11–2.20)	1.62 (1.12–2.32)
Sleep maintenance	(n = 5278)	(n = 4492)	(n = 4485)
None	[Reference]	[Reference]	[Reference]
1 time point	1.20 (0.90–1.61)	1.15 (0.82–1.61)	1.09 (0.77–1.54)
2 time points	1.39 (0.92–2.10)	1.25 (0.77–2.03)	1.15 (0.70–1.87)
3 + time points	1.27 (0.63–2.53)	1.19 (0.53–2.66)	1.09 (0.49–2.46)
Sleep onset problems	(n = 5318)	(n = 4516)	(n = 4485)
None	[Reference]	[Reference]	[Reference]
1 time point	1.05 (0.77–1.44)	1.05 (0.72–1.52)	1.01 (0.69–1.48)
2 time points	0.95 (0.68–1.32)	0.79 (0.53–1.19)	0.73 (0.48–1.15)
3 + time points	1.37 (1.02–1.84)	1.18 (0.82–1.70)	1.06 (0.72–1.54)

Boldface type indicates significant associations at p < 0.05. Model A = Crude Analysis; Model B = Analysis controlling for sex, emotional temperament at 2 years, Family Adversity Index (FAI; pregnancy, 0–2 & 2–4 years), physical or sexual abuse at 2.5, 3.5, 4.8, or 6.8 years, preschool maladaptive parenting, Development and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA) at 7 years, and emotional and behavioural problems assessed with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) at 9.5 and 11.7 years; Model C = For nightmares: additionally controlling for preschool and school sleep onset problems (assessed at 2.5, 3.5, 4.8, or 6.8 years) and persistent sleep maintenance problems; for sleep onset problems: additionally controlling for nightmares and sleep maintenance problems; for sleep maintenance problems additionally controlling for nightmares and sleep onset problems

BPD Borderline personality disorder, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval