Table 1.
Summary of group characteristics, including age at onset of ADHD and depression, and reaction time for cognitive measures at baseline and follow-up
| Groups* | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A+D N = 21, 52 % girls (mean ± SD) |
A N = 35, 37 % girls (mean ± SD) |
D N = 282, 73 % girls (mean ± SD) |
C N = 1211, 50 % girls (mean ± SD) |
H N = 888, 49 % girls (mean ± SD) |
|
| Age at onset of ADHD** | 6 ± 2 | 5 ± 2 | – | – | – |
| Age at onset of depression** | 14 ± 2.4 | – | 15 ± 2.2 | – | – |
| Processing speed# | |||||
| Baseline | 328 ± 38 | 345 ± 42 | 329 ± 38 | 327 ± 39 | 325 ± 37 |
| Follow-up | 243 ± 24 | 256 ± 25 | 252 ± 23 | 250 ± 25 | 250 ± 24 |
| Focused attention# | |||||
| Baseline | 1467 ± 604 | 1533 ± 356 | 1462 ± 469 | 1420 ± 443 | 1404 ± 442 |
| Follow-up | 795 ± 301 | 787 ± 238 | 810 ± 259 | 808 ± 258 | 799 ± 252 |
| Response time variability# | |||||
| Baseline | 1898 ± 956 | 2095 ± 762 | 1688 ± 828 | 1652 ± 810 | 1617 ± 806 |
| Follow-up | 974 ± 391 | 916 ± 365 | 862 ± 366 | 858 ± 366 | 849 ± 367 |
| Working memory maintenance# | |||||
| Baseline | 621 ± 331 | 576 ± 244 | 499 ± 267 | 517 ± 265 | 517 ± 267 |
| Follow-up | 347 ± 173 | 276 ± 174 | 257 ± 149 | 255 ± 146 | 252 ± 145 |
| Cognitive flexibility# | |||||
| Baseline | 637 ± 241 | 645 ± 210 | 644 ± 250 | 622 ± 236 | 621 ± 236 |
| Follow-up | 374 ± 143 | 356 ± 126 | 377 ± 161 | 348 ± 146 | 341 ± 133 |
| Response inhibition# | |||||
| Baseline | 214 ± 173 | 235 ± 190 | 251 ± 191 | 248 ± 183 | 245 ± 185 |
| Follow-up | 245 ± 207 | 179 ± 189 | 210 ± 171 | 201 ± 164 | 202 ± 163 |
*A+D ADHD with onset of depression, A only ADHD, D only depression, C comparison; neither ADHD nor depression, H healthy; no psychiatric diagnoses
**in years; #Reaction time in milliseconds