Table 3.
Bias findings from validation studies in InfoUSA and Dun and Bradstreet business lists
| Study | Racial/ethnic composition | Economic characteristics | Urbanicity | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| InfoUSA | Dun and Bradstreet | InfoUSA | Dun and Bradstreet | InfoUSA | Dun and Bradstreet | |
| Count accuracy | ||||||
| Fleischhacker [8] | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | No differences found | No differences found |
| Liese [15] | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Urban areas had highest accuracy of stores. Rural areas had lowest accuracy of stores. Suburban areas had the lowest accuracy of restaurants | Urban areas had highest accuracy for stores and restaurants. Rural areas had lowest accuracy for stores and restaurants |
| Liese [16] | Majority white neighborhoods had lowest accuracy | No differences found | High income and non-poor neighborhoods had lowest accuracy | No differences found | N/A | N/A |
| Powell [17] | Majority black neighborhoods had lowest accuracy for food stores and restaurants. Majority non-Hispanic neighborhoods has lower accuracy for food stores | Majority black neighborhoods had lowest accuracy for restaurants and no difference for food stores | No differences found | High income areas had lowest accuracy for food stores and no differences for restaurants | Urban areas had highest accuracy of stores and restaurants. Rural areas had lowest accuracy of stores and restaurants | Urban areas had highest accuracy of stores and restaurants. Rural areas had lowest accuracy of stores and restaurants |
| Classification accuracy | ||||||
| Han [23] | Majority non-Hispanic and majority black neighborhoods had lowest classification accuracy | Majority non-Hispanic and majority black neighborhoods had lowest classification accuracy | No differences found | No differences found | N/A | N/A |
| Locational accuracy | ||||||
| Liese [15] | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Urban areas were located with the least distance between observed and listed location. Records in suburban areas were most likely to be allocated to the correct census tract | Urban areas were located with the least distance between observed and listed location. Records in suburban areas were most likely to be allocated to the correct census tract |