Table 2.

Factors noted in Delphi round one to affect the exposure, vulnerability and EMS capacity for victims of RTI in KMA

	Exposure	Vulnerability	Emergency medical service capacity
1	Lack of driving licenses among drivers	Ignorance and low awareness level on road safety	Crash and injury severity
2	Inadequate driving training regime	Socio demographic factors	Crash type
3	Indiscipline among road users	Driving/or riding incompetency	Number of affected victims
4	Inadequate awareness of road safety laws	Carelessness of pedestrians and cyclists	Time/season in order to determine the deployment
5	Careless road users	Lack of child accompaniment while on roads	Level of survivability
6	Excessive speed	Lack of appropriate driving training	Financial constraints and limited investment in EMS
7	Drinking and driving	Blindness without any guidance	Lack of enough and well - equipped ambulances
8	Ineffective enforcement of traffic laws	Inappropriate infrastructure for pedestrians and non-motorized road users	Access to referral medical facilities and services
9	Low risk perception among road users	Limited interest in road safety sensitization by majority road users	Lack of basic rescue and evacuation skills among lay people
10	Unregulated rise of Boda-bodas	Low risk perception among road users	Occurrence of crash in certain locations
11	Weather conditions	Alcohol and drug influence	Absence of national EMS policy and post-crash care system
12	Poor road engineering design and planning	Poverty leading to unaffordability of safe transport means	Lack of national ambulance network
13	Inefficient public transport system	Use of handheld phones by drivers and other road users while on road	Inadequate pre-crash and post-crash data to inform EMS policies
14	Driving mechanically dangerous vehicles	Riding/ being transported on Boda-bodas	Limited human capacity trained to handle victims
15	Ignoring to use protective safety and visibility gears	Absence of traffic segregation facilities for non-motorized road users	No specialized EMS training courses in medical schools
16	Weak road safety policy in KCCA Act	Weak enforcement of existing traffic laws and regulations	Limited training and knowledge in EMS
17	Poor and inadequate road furniture	Laxity in using protective gears on roads	Lack of emergency call centers for coordination of EMS activities
18	Inadequate pedestrian and cyclist infrastructure	Mixed traffic streams	Unpreparedness among the first responders
19	Lack of segregated lanes AND high traffic mix	Road designs and maintenance not considering vulnerable road users	Lack of health insurance by most of the victims
20	Overpopulation in Kampala	Lack of formal and informal road safety education among road users	Lack of specialized crash and trauma care sections
21	Increased traffic volume and flow	Inadequate regulation of public passenger transport services	In services rotation of EMS staff due to high turn-up of patients
22	Affordability and flexibility of 2 wheeler riders	Inadequate public transport system	Inadequate advocacy for establishing formalized EMS systems
23	Poor traffic lighting	Poor street lighting	Traffic jams preventing timely emergency response to victims
24	Political patronage in road safety enforcement