Table 3.

Ten most rated factors affecting exposure, vulnerability, and EMS capacity for RTI victims in KMA

	Exposure	Vulnerability	Emergency medical service capacity
1	Indiscipline among different road users	Alcohol and substance abuse	Limited staff and well - equipped ambulances
2	Inadequate driving training regime	Lack of appropriate infrastructure for pedestrians and non-motorized road users	Lack of a National EMS policy and post-crash care system
3	Drinking and driving	Absence of traffic segregation facilities for non-motorized road users	Occurrence of crash in certain locations
4	Lack of segregated lanes and high traffic mix	Unaccompanied children on road	Lack of national ambulance network
5	Inadequate pedestrian and cyclist infrastructure	Mixed traffic streams	Lack of public awareness about emergency call centers
6	Ignoring to use protective safety and visibility gears	Demographic aspects (age, sex, peer influence, economic status, and domicile)	Lack of health insurance by most victims to pay for EMS
7	Poor road engineering design and planning	Laxity in using protective gears like reflectors, helmets and seat belts	Lack of specialized crash and trauma care sections
8	Unregulated rise of Boda-bodas	Road designs and maintenance not considering vulnerable road users	Poor and uncoordinated pre and post-crash care
9	Excessive speed	Inadequate regulation of public passenger transport services	Limited trained health care specialist
10	Lack of driving permits/or licenses among drivers	Lack of appropriate driving training	Unpreparedness among first responders