Table 2.
Association between lifestyle variables, dietary habits, and weaning practices and the risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
| Variable | Matched-pair analysis | P valuee | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of cases (%) | No. of controls (%) | Crude OR (95% CI) | ||
| Lifestyle | ||||
| Tobacco smoking | ||||
| Never | 146 (50.3) | 212 (73.1) | 1 | |
| Current | 79 (27.2) | 33 (11.4) | 4.50 (2.61–7.78) | <0.001 |
| Former | 65 (22.4) | 45 (15.5) | 2.37 (1.48–3.79) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol consumptiona | ||||
| No | 114 (39.3) | 120 (41.4) | 1 | |
| Yes | 176 (60.7) | 170 (58.6) | 1.11 (0.77–1.59) | 0.581 |
| Dietaryb | ||||
| Salted fish | ||||
| Never/rarely | 251 (86.6) | 264 (92.0) | 1 | |
| Monthly | 32 (11.0) | 20 (7.0) | 1.67 (0.93–2.99) | 0.087 |
| Weekly/daily | 7 (2.4) | 3 (1.0) | 2.33 (0.60–9.02) | 0.220 |
| P-trend | 0.033 | |||
| Salted meat | ||||
| Never/rarely | 222 (76.8) | 248 (86.4) | 1 | |
| Monthly | 47 (16.3) | 28 (9.8) | 2.04 (1.18–3.50) | 0.010 |
| Weekly/daily | 20 (6.9) | 11 (3.8) | 2.18 (0.97–4.89) | 0.059 |
| P-trend | 0.003 | |||
| Salted vegetables | ||||
| Never/rarely | 205 (70.7) | 237 (81.7) | 1 | |
| Monthly | 61 (21.0) | 46 (15.9) | 1.54 (0.99–2.39) | 0.053 |
| Weekly/daily | 24 (8.3) | 7 (2.4) | 3.70 (1.58–8.64) | 0.002 |
| P-trend | <0.001 | |||
| Smoked fish | ||||
| Never/rarely | 264 (98.5) | 259 (89.9) | 1 | |
| Monthly | 22 (7.6) | 26 (9.0) | 0.84 (0.47–1.50) | 0.555 |
| Weekly/daily | 4 (1.4) | 3 (1.0) | 1.33 (0.30–5.96) | 0.706 |
| P-trend | 0.816 | |||
| Smoked meat | ||||
| Never/rarely | 240 (82.8) | 231 (79.9) | 1 | |
| Monthly | 39 (13.5) | 51 (17.7) | 0.75 (0.47–1.18) | 0.214 |
| Weekly/daily | 11 (3.8) | 7 (2.4) | 1.52 (0.55–4.24) | 0.419 |
| P-trend | 0.538 | |||
| Preserved vegetables | ||||
| Never/rarely | 216 (74.5) | 230 (81.0) | 1 | |
| Monthly | 56 (19.3) | 44 (15.5) | 1.33 (0.85–2.07) | 0.213 |
| Weekly/daily | 18 (6.2) | 10 (3.5) | 1.86 (0.82–4.23) | 0.138 |
| P-trend | 0.061 | |||
| Rusip/Chincalupc | ||||
| Never/rarely | 277 (95.9) | 268 (96.8) | 1 | |
| Monthly | 10 (3.5) | 5 (1.8) | 1.93 (0.66–5.68) | 0.232 |
| Weekly/daily | 2 (0.7) | 4 (1.4) | 0.55 (0.10–3.06) | 0.496 |
| P-trend | 0.866 | |||
| Weaning practicesd | ||||
| Breastfed | ||||
| No | 70 (24.1) | 83 (28.6) | 1 | |
| Yes | 134 (46.2) | 141 (48.6) | 1.29 (0.83–2.02) | 0.259 |
| Unknown | 86 (29.7) | 66 (22.8) | ||
| Porridge | ||||
| No | 4 (1.4) | 10 (3.5) | 1 | |
| Yes | 218 (75.2) | 212 (73.1) | 2.25 (0.69–7.31) | 0.177 |
| Unknown | 68 (23.5) | 68 (23.5) | ||
| Salted fish | ||||
| No | 117 (40.3) | 164 (56.6) | 1 | |
| Yes | 59 (20.3) | 27 (9.3) | 2.21 (1.18–4.16) | 0.014 |
| Unknown | 114 (39.3) | 99 (34.1) | ||
| Salted meat | ||||
| No | 126 (43.5) | 169 (58.3) | 1 | |
| Yes | 43 (14.8) | 17 (5.9) | 2.56 (1.18–5.52) | 0.017 |
| Unknown | 121 (41.7) | 104 (35.9) | ||
| Preserved vegetables | ||||
| No | 121 (41.7) | 157 (54.1) | 1 | |
| Yes | 53 (18.3) | 32 (11.0) | 2.15 (1.12–4.16) | 0.003 |
| Unknown | 116 (40.0) | 101 (34.8) | ||
| Tin/canned food | ||||
| No | 104 (35.9) | 142 (49.0) | 1 | |
| Yes | 75 (25.9) | 45 (15.5) | 1.78 (1.0–3.17) | 0.051 |
| Unknown | 111 (38.3) | 103 (35.5) | ||
| Pre-chewed food | ||||
| No | 119 (41.0) | 154 (53.1) | 1 | |
| Yes | 51 (17.6) | 59 (20.3) | 1.68 (1.0–2.85) | 0.053 |
| Unknown | 120 (41.4) | 77 (26.6) | ||
OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval
aInclusive of current and past drinkers
bAnalysis excludes missing values (range, 1–13 missing values)
cTraditional food of Bangka people and is made from fermented anchovies
dAnalysis excludes the cases and controls with unknown data
eBased on conditional logistic regression, P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant