Table 4.
Univariate analyses on the risk for DM occurrence by Fine and Gray regression models
| Characteristics | HR | 95% CI | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (per 5-years higher) a | 1.477 | 1.406–1.551 | <0.001 |
| Gender (male vs female) | 2.037 | 1.400–2.963 | <0.001 |
| Smoking | 0.28 | ||
| Current/ex-smoker vs never | 0.764 | 0.545–1.070 | 0.12 |
| unknown vs never | 0.904 | 0.572–1.429 | 0.67 |
| BMI | <0.001 | ||
| ≥25 < 30 vs <25 kg/m2 | 1.401 | 1.001–1.959 | 0.049 |
| >30 vs <25 kg/m2 | 2.706 | 1.768–4.143 | <0.001 |
| Unknown vs < 25 kg/m2 | 1.574 | 1.085–2.282 | 0.017 |
| HIV risk factor | <0.001 | ||
| IVDU vs heterosexual | 0.785 | 0.515–1.197 | 0.26 |
| MSM vs heterosexual | 0.932 | 0.622–1.396 | 0.73 |
| Other/unknown vs heterosexual | 1.646 | 1.138–2.380 | 0.008 |
| Ab-anti HCV | 0.55 | ||
| Positive vs negative | 0.991 | 0.744–1.320 | 0.95 |
| Unknown vs negative | 1.350 | 0.775–2.351 | 0.29 |
| HbsAg | 0.14 | ||
| Positive vs negative | 1.608 | 0.998–2.593 | 0.051 |
| Unknown vs negative | 1.169 | 0.683–2.003 | 0.57 |
| Years since first HIV positive test (per 5-years longer) | 0.847 | 0.759–0.946 | 0.003 |
| Nadir CD4+ cell count before ART (per 100-cells/μL higher) | 0.889 | 0.803–0.984 | 0.023 |
| AIDS diagnosis before ART (yes vs no) | 1.273 | 0.841–1.929 | 0.25 |
| Current CD4+ (per 100-cells/μL higher) a | 0.950 | 0.893–1.010 | 0.10 |
| Current HIV-RNA (per log10 copies/ml) a | 1.261 | 1.113–1.428 | <0.001 |
| Current HIV-RNA a | |||
| ≥50 vs <50 copies/ml | 1.521 | 1.101–2.101 | 0.011 |
| Current total cholesterol (per 50-mg/dL higher) a | 1.027 | 0.834–1.265 | 0.80 |
| Current HDL-cholesterol (per 5-mg/dL higher) a | 0.906 | 0.822–0.999 | 0.047 |
| Current LDL-cholesterol (per 10-mg/dL higher) a | 1.031 | 0.951–1.117 | 0.46 |
| Current triglycerides (per 50-mg/dL higher) a | 1.061 | 1.047–1.076 | <0.001 |
| Current haemoglobin (per 5-g/dl higher) a | 1.746 | 1.020–2.988 | 0.042 |
| Current fasting glucose (per 10-mg/dL higher) a | 1.159 | 1.136–1.184 | <0.001 |
| Current HOMA-IR (per 1-unit higher) a | 1.059 | 1.038–1.080 | <0.001 |
| Current FIB-4 (per 0.5-unit higher) a | 1.003 | 1.001–1.006 | 0.02 |
| Current Framingham 10-year CVD risk (per 5% higher) a | 1.188 | 1.117–1.263 | <0.001 |
| Use of statins (yes vs no) a | 1.583 | 1.019–2.457 | 0.041 |
| Calendar year of ART start (per 3-years increase) | 1.133 | 1.047–1.227 | 0.002 |
| Ever use of lamivudine (yes vs no) | 0.374 | 0.254–0.550 | <0.001 |
| Ever use of abacavir (yes vs no) | 0.516 | 0.393–0.677 | <0.001 |
| Ever use of emtricitabine (yes vs no) | 0.163 | 0.119–0.225 | <0.001 |
| Ever use of tenofovir (yes vs no) | 0.148 | 0.112–0.195 | <0.001 |
| Ever use of stavudine (yes vs no) | 0.631 | 0.482–0.827 | 0.001 |
| Ever use of zidovudine (yes vs no) | 0.834 | 0.594–1.172 | 0.30 |
| Ever use of didanosine (yes vs no) | 0.453 | 0.345–0.595 | <0.001 |
| Ever use of efavirenz (yes vs no) | 0.523 | 0.394–0.695 | <0.001 |
| Ever use of nevirapine (yes vs no) | 0.440 | 0.325–0.597 | <0.001 |
| Ever use of ritonavir (yes vs no) | 0.309 | 0.227–0.420 | <0.001 |
| Ever use of saquinavir (yes vs no) | 0.586 | 0.442–0.777 | <0.001 |
| Ever use of lopinavir (yes vs no) | 0.322 | 0.236–0.439 | <0.001 |
| Ever use of atazanavir (yes vs no) | 0.275 | 0.201–0.376 | <0.001 |
| Ever use of darunavir (yes vs no) | 0.182 | 0.110–0.301 | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: HR, hazard ratio; 95%CI, 95% confidence interval of the hazard ratio; NE, not evaluated due to the limited number of patients treated with this drug
aTime-updated covariate