. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Jan 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Youth Adolesc. 2016 Sep 24;46(1):180–196. doi: 10.1007/s10964-016-0560-9

Table 4.

Total, Direct, and Indirect Effects from CCR to Early-Onset Substance Use, Academic Performance, and School Misbehavior

Variable/Path	Learning Difficulties	Conduct Problems	Early-Onset Substance Use	Academic Performance	School Misbehavior

	b [95% CI]	b [95% CI]	b [95% CI]	b [95% CI]	b [95% CI]
Total Effects
CCR Index	–	–	.092^* [ .065, .121]	−.113^* [−.135, −.090]	.090^* [ .060, .118]
Learning Difficulties	–	–	−.015^* [ −.060, .029]	−.269^* [−.302, −.236]	−.010 [−.057, .035]
Conduct Problems	–	–	.186^* [ .135, .234]	−.109^* [−.150, −.071]	.229^* [ .180, .276]
Early-Onset Substance Use	–	–	–	−.252^* [−.308, −.199]	.588^* [ .505, .662]
Direct Effects
CCR Index	.085^* [ .047, .118]	.100^* [ .072, .129]	.074^* [ .047, .104]	−.060^* [−.082, −.035]	.025 [−.006, .053]
Learning Difficulties	–	–	−.015 [−.060, .029]	−.272^* [−.306, −.240]	−.001 [−.049, .046]
Conduct Problems	–	–	.186^* [ .135, .234]	−.063^* [−.107, −.022]	.119^* [ .066, .174]
Early-Onset Substance Use	–	–	–	−.252^* [−.308, −.199]	.588^* [ .505, .662]
Indirect Effects
CCR→ Learning Difficulties	–	–	−.001 [−.005, .002]	−.023^* [−.033, −.013]	.000 [−.004, .004]
CCR→ Conduct Problems	–	–	.019^* [ .012, .028]	−.006^* [−.012, −.002]	.012^* [ .006, .019]
CCR→ Early-Onset Substance Use	–	–	–	−.019^* [−.027, −.011]	.044^* [ .030, .062]
CCR→ Learning Difficulties → Early- Onset Substance Use	–	–	–	.000 [−.001, .001]	−.001 [−.003, .001]
CCR→ Conduct Problems → Early- Onset Substance Use	–	–	–	−.005^* [−.008, −.003]	.011^* [ .007, .016]

Note. Standardized coefficients in parentheses; CCR = cumulative contextual risk.

Parameter estimates with confidence intervals that do not contain zero are statistically significant at p < .05.