. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Jan 1.

Published in final edited form as: Int J Psychophysiol. 2016 Jul 27;111:115–144. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.07.516

Table 1.

Endophenotype Construct Validation

I. Putative Endophenotype Threshold Criteria	1. Associated with one or more relevant clinical phenotypes and
	2. Is heritable and/or
	3. Is present in first degree relatives of those with the clinical phenotype and/or
	4. Shares genetic variance with the clinical phenotype
II. Molecular Genetic Endophenotype Verification	5. Shows verified association with specific genetic variants
II. Molecular Genetic Endophenotype Verification	6. These verified variants show robust association with the clinical phenotype
III. Utility	7. Predicts the development of the clinical phenotype
	8. Enhances theoretical understanding of the brain mechanisms accounting for endophenotype individual differences
	9. Informs an animal model
	10. Identifies genetic variants that have relatively large effect

Note - Topics 1, 2, and 3 overlap with criteria in Gottesman & Gould (2003)