Table 1. Baseline characteristics and prevalence of CVD according to the etiology of CKD.
| Characteristics | Subcohort | Total | P value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DN | HTN | GN | PKD | |||
| Participants | 519 | 409 | 810 | 364 | 2,238 | |
| Age, yr | 59.3 ± 9.4 | 59.6 ± 10.8 | 49.8 ± 12.1 | 46.9 ± 10.6 | 53.7 ± 12.2 | < 0.001 |
| Female | 162 (31.2) | 114 (27.9) | 359 (44.3) | 180 (49.5) | 869 (38.8) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension | 513 (99.8) | 409 (100.0) | 785 (96.9) | 314 (86.3) | 2,150 (96.1) | < 0.001 |
| DM | 519 (100.0) | 72 (17.6) | 70 (8.6) | 12 (3.3) | 755 (33.7) | < 0.001 |
| Current smoker | 84 (16.4) | 71 (17.4) | 115 (14.2) | 55 (15.1) | 349 (15.7) | < 0.001 |
| Height, cm | 164.5 ± 8.2 | 164.8 ± 8.2 | 164.3 ± 8.2 | 166.1 ± 9.1 | 164.7 ± 8.4 | 0.040 |
| Weight, kg | 68.4 ± 11.4 | 68.4 ± 12.3 | 65.6 ± 11.7 | 65.2 ± 12.0 | 66.8 ± 11.9 | < 0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.2 ± 3.2 | 25.1 ± 3.5 | 24.2 ± 3.3 | 23.5 ± 3.0 | 24.6 ± 3.4 | < 0.001 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.93 ± 0.06 | 0.91 ± 0.06 | 0.88 ± 0.07 | 0.88 ± 0.06 | 0.90 ± 0.07 | < 0.001 |
| SBP, mmHg | 134.3 ± 18.5 | 127.8 ± 15.9 | 123.4 ± 14.2 | 128.3 ± 13.3 | 127.8 ± 16.2 | < 0.001 |
| DBP, mmHg | 75.7 ± 11.7 | 77.7 ± 11.5 | 75.6 ± 10.1 | 81.0 ± 10.4 | 77.0 ± 11.1 | < 0.001 |
| CKD stages | < 0.001 | |||||
| Stage 1 | 13 (2.5) | 11 (2.7) | 131 (16.2) | 94 (25.8) | 265 (11.8) | |
| Stage 2 | 44 (8.5) | 48 (11.7) | 180 (22.2) | 118 (32.4) | 419 (18.7) | |
| Stage 3a | 72 (13.9) | 95 (23.2) | 163 (20.1) | 52 (14.3) | 403 (18.0) | |
| Stage 3b | 131 (25.2) | 112 (27.4) | 158 (19.5) | 45 (12.4) | 484 (21.6) | |
| Stage 4 | 198 (38.2) | 118 (28.9) | 138 (17.0) | 42 (11.5) | 522 (23.3) | |
| Stage 5 | 61 (11.8) | 25 (6.1) | 40 (4.9) | 13 (3.6) | 145 (6.5) | |
| CVD | ||||||
| Any CVD | 130 (25.0) | 88 (21.5) | 56 (6.9) | 25 (6.9) | 322 (14.4) | < 0.001 |
| Coronary disease | 60 (11.6) | 32 (7.8) | 14 (1.7) | 2 (0.5) | 118 (5.3) | < 0.001 |
| MI | 18 (3.5) | 9 (2.2) | 6 (0.7) | 1 (0.3) | 36 (1.6) | < 0.001 |
| Stroke | 51 (9.8) | 38 (9.3) | 19 (2.3) | 21 (5.8) | 135 (6.0) | < 0.001 |
| PAD | 32 (6.2) | 20 (4.9) | 13 (1.6) | 1 (0.3) | 78 (3.5) | < 0.001 |
| Arrhythmia | 16 (3.1) | 18 (4.4) | 18 (2.2) | 2 (0.5) | 56 (2.5) | 0.006 |
| Urine ACR, mg/g | < 0.001 | |||||
| A1 (< 30) | 21 (4.3) | 101 (26.1) | 44 (5.8) | 151 (42.9) | 336 (15.9) | |
| A2 (30–300) | 101 (20.5) | 126 (32.6) | 214 (28.4) | 169 (48.0) | 641 (30.4) | |
| A3 (≥ 300) | 370 (75.2) | 160 (41.3) | 496 (65.8) | 32 (9.1) | 1,134 (53.7) | |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 2.4 ± 1.3 | 2.0 ± 1.2 | 1.6 ± 1.0 | 1.3 ± 0.9 | 1.8 ± 1.1 | < 0.001 |
| Cystatin C, mg/L | 2.3 ± 1.0 | 1.9 ± 0.9 | 1.6 ± 0.9 | 1.3 ± 0.7 | 1.8 ± 0.9 | < 0.001 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 35.2 ± 20.6 | 40.8 ± 21.2 | 56.9 ± 31.8 | 68.1 ± 33.3 | 50.5 ± 30.3 | < 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 178.9 ± 33.5 | 167.3 ± 43.7 | 169.3 ± 35.6 | 178.4 ± 39.0 | 178.9 ± 33.5 | < 0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 91.0 ± 33.9 | 94.1 ± 30.8 | 100.1 ± 32.4 | 101.8 ± 27.1 | 96.9 ± 31.8 | < 0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 43.6 ± 14.1 | 46.7 ± 14.1 | 51.5 ± 15.8 | 54.6 ± 14.0 | 49.2 ± 15.4 | < 0.001 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 11.7 ± 1.8 | 13.3 ± 2.0 | 13.2 ± 1.9 | 13.2 ± 1.8 | 12.8 ± 2.0 | < 0.001 |
| Albumin, g/dL | 4.0 ± 0.5 | 4.3 ± 0.3 | 4.1 ± 0.4 | 4.4 ± 0.3 | 4.2 ± 0.4 | < 0.001 |
| Phosphorus, mg/dL | 4.0 ± 0.8 | 3.6 ± 0.6 | 3.6 ± 0.6 | 3.6 ± 0.6 | 3.7 ± 0.7 | < 0.001 |
| Troponin T, ng/mL | 0.029 ± 0.031 | 0.015 ± 0.015 | 0.01 ± 0.009 | 0.007 ± 0.004 | 0.015 ± 0.019 | < 0.001 |
| hsCRP, mg/L* | 0.7 (0.1–52.7) | 0.8 (0.0–67.0) | 0.5 (0.0–68.0) | 0.4 (0.0–35.3) | 0.6 (0.0–68.0) | < 0.001 |
| Intact PTH, pg/mL* | 63.4 (14.2–1,078.0) | 52.3 (19.1–660.3) | 44.4 (7.0–552.3) | 56.3 (21.8–414.9) | 51.0 (7.0–1,078.0) | < 0.001 |
| ARB | 419 (80.7) | 318 (77.8) | 669 (82.6) | 270 (74.2) | 1,785 (79.8) | 0.025 |
| ACEi | 63 (12.1) | 33 (8.1) | 123 (15.2) | 18 (4.9) | 249 (11.1) | < 0.001 |
| CCB | 295 (56.8) | 218 (53.3) | 216 (26.7) | 120 (33.0) | 906 (40.5) | < 0.001 |
| Statin | 329 (63.4) | 234 (57.2) | 419 (51.7) | 98 (26.9) | 1,152 (51.5) | < 0.001 |
Values are presented as number (%) or mean ± standard deviation.
CVD = cardiovascular disease, CKD = chronic kidney disease, DN = diabetic nephropathy, HTN = hypertensive nephropathy, GN = glomerulonephritis, PKD = polycystic kidney disease, BMI = body mass index, DM = diabetes mellitus, SBP = systolic blood pressure, DBP = diastolic blood pressure, MI = myocardial infarction, PAD = peripheral arterial disease, ACR = albumin-to-creatinine ratio, eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate, LDL = low-density lipoprotein, HDL = high-density lipoprotein hsCRP = high-sensitive C-reactive protein, PTH = parathyroid hormone, ARB = angiotensin receptor blocker, ACEi = angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, CCB = calcium channel blocker.
*Data are expressed as median and ranges (minimum to maximum).